Genisteae

Genisteae
	French broom, Genista monspessulana
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Faboideae
Clade:	Meso-Papilionoideae
Clade:	Genistoids
Clade:	Core Genistoids
Tribe:	Genisteae; (Bronn) Dumort 1827
Genera
	Adenocarpus DC.; Anarthrophyllum Benth.; Argyrocytisus (Maire) Frodin & Heywood ex Raynaud; Argyrolobium Eckl. & Zeyh.; Calicotome Link; Chamaecytisus Link; Cytisophyllum O.Lang; Cytisus Desf.; Dichilus DC.; Echinospartum (Spach) Fourr.; Erinacea Adans.; Genista L.; Gonocytisus Spach; Hesperolaburnum Maire; +Laburnocytisus C.K.Schneid; Laburnum Fabr.; Lembotropis Griseb.; Lupinus L.; Melolobium Eckl. & Zeyh.; Petteria C. Presl; Podocytisus Boiss. & Heldr.; Polhillia C.H.Stirt.; Retama Raf.; Sellocharis Taub.; Spartium L.; Stauracanthus Link; Ulex L.;
Synonyms
	Cytiseae Horan. 1847; Laburneae (Rouy) Hutch. 1964; Lupineae (Rouy) Hutch. 1964; Genisteae subtribe Genistinae Bronn 1822; Uliceae Webb 1852;

Genisteae is a tribe of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants in the subfamily Faboideae of the family Fabaceae. It includes a number of well-known plants including broom, lupine (lupin), gorse and laburnum.

The tribe's greatest diversity is in the Mediterranean, and most genera are native to Europe, Africa, the Canary Islands, India and southwest Asia. However, the largest genus, Lupinus, is most diverse in North and South America. Anarthrophytum and Sellocharis are also South American and Argyrolobium ranges into India.

Description

The Genisteae arose 32.3 ± 2.9 million years ago (in the Oligocene).^[5]^[6] The members of this tribe consistently form a monophyletic clade in molecular phylogenetic analyses.^[7]^[8]^[9] The tribe does not currently have a node-based definition, but several morphological synapomorphies have been identified:

… bilabiate calyces with a bifid upper lip and a trifid lower lip, … the lack of an aril, or the presence of an aril but on the short side of the seed, and stamen filaments fused in a closed tube with markedly dimorphic anthers … and presence of α-pyridone alkaloids.^[2]

Most (and possibly all) genera in the tribe produce 5-O-methylgenistein.^[10] Many genera also accumulate quinolizidine alkaloids, ammodendrine-type dipiperidine alkaloids, and macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloids.^[11]^[10]

Name

Old English bróm is from a common West Germanic *bráma- (Old High German brâmo, "bramble"), from a Germanic stem bræ̂m- from Proto-Indo-European *bh(e)rem- "to project; a point",^[12] with an original sense of "thorny shrub" or similar. Use of the branches of these plants for sweeping gave rise to the term broom for sweeping tools in the 15th century, gradually replacing Old English besema (which survives as dialectal or archaic besom).^[13]

Cultivation

Brooms tolerate (and often thrive best in) poor soils and growing conditions. In cultivation they need little care, though they need good drainage and perform poorly on wet soils.

They are widely used as ornamental landscape plants and also for wasteland reclamation (e.g. mine tailings) and sand dune stabilising.

Tagasaste (Chamaecytisus proliferus), a Canary Islands native, is widely grown as sheep fodder.

Species of broom popular in horticulture are purple broom (Chamaecytisus purpureus; purple flowers), Atlas broom (or Moroccan broom) (Argyrocytisus battandieri, with silvery foliage), dwarf broom (Cytisus procumbens), Provence broom (Cytisus purgans) and Spanish broom (Spartium junceum).

Many of the most popular brooms in gardens are hybrids, notably Kew broom (Cytisus × kewensis, hybrid between C. ardoinii and C. multiflorus) and Warminster broom (Cytisus × praecox, hybrid between C. oromediterraneus and C. multiflorus).

Invasive species

On the east and west coasts of North America, common broom (Cytisus scoparius) was introduced as an ornamental plant (e.g.:California since the 1860s). It is known in much of the Pacific Northwest as Scotch broom.^[14] It has become a naturalised invasive weed, and due to its aggressive seed dispersal broom removal has proved very difficult. Similarly, it is a major problem species in the cooler and wetter areas of southern Australia and New Zealand. Biological control for broom in New Zealand has been investigated since the mid-1980s. On the west coast of the United States, French broom (Genista monspessulana), Mediterranean broom (Genista linifolia) and Spanish broom (Spartium junceum) are also considered noxious invasives, as broom quickly crowds out native vegetation, and grow most prolifically in the least accessible areas.

Historical uses

The Plantagenet kings used common broom (known as planta genista in Latin) as an emblem and took their name from it. It was originally the emblem of Geoffrey of Anjou, father of Henry II of England. Wild broom is still common in dry habitats around Anjou, France.

Charles V and his son Charles VI of France used the pod of the broom plant (broom-cod, or cosse de geneste) as an emblem for livery collars and badges.^[15]

Genista tinctoria (dyer's broom, also known as dyer's greenweed or dyer's greenwood), provides a useful yellow dye and was grown commercially for this purpose in parts of Britain into the early 19th century. Woollen cloth, mordanted with alum, was dyed yellow with dyer's greenweed, then dipped into a vat of blue dye (woad or, later, indigo) to produce the once-famous "Kendal Green" (largely superseded by the brighter "Saxon Green" in the 1770s). Kendal green is a local common name for the plant.

The flower buds and flowers of Cytisus scoparius have been used as a salad ingredient, raw or pickled, and were a popular ingredient for salmagundi or "grand sallet" during the 17th and 18th century. There are now concerns about the toxicity of broom, with potential effects on the heart and problems during pregnancy.^{[citation needed]}

Scotch Broom is the Plant Badge of Clan Forbes.

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Often treated as a section of Cytisus, rather than a segregate genus.^{[citation needed]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Often treated as a section of Genista, rather than a segregate genus.^{[citation needed]}
^ Not a true genus. It is a graft-chimera between Laburnum and Cytisus.

References

^ Wojciechowski, MF (2013). "Towards a new classification of Leguminosae: Naming clades using non-Linnaean phylogenetic nomenclature". S Afr J Bot. 89: 85–93. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017.
^ ^a ^b Cardoso, D.; Pennington, RT; de Queiroz, LP; Boatwright, JS; Van Wyk, B-E; Wojciechowski, MF; Lavin, M. (2013). "Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes". S Afr J Bot. 89: 58–75. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001. hdl:10566/3193.
^ USDA; ARS; National Genetic Resources Program (2003). "GRIN genus records of Genisteae". Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]. Beltsville, Maryland: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
^ Polhill, RM; van Wyk, B-E. (2013). "Kew entry for Genisteae". www.kew.org. London, England: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
^ Boatwright, JS; Savolainen, V; Van Wyk, B-E; Schutte-Vlok, AL; Forest, F; Van der Bank, M. (2008). "Systematic position of the anomalous genus Cadia and the phylogeny of the tribe Podalyrieae (Fabaceae)". Syst Bot. 33 (1): 133–147. doi:10.1600/036364408783887500. S2CID 53341490.
^ Lavin, M; Herendeen, PS; Wojciechowski, MF (2005). "Evolutionary rates analysis of Leguminosae implicates a rapid diversification of lineages during the tertiary". Syst Biol. 54 (4): 575–94. doi:10.1080/10635150590947131. PMID 16085576.
^ van Wyk BE, Schutte AL (1995). "Phylogenetic relationships in the tribes Podalyrieae, Liparieae and Crotalarieae". In Crisp M, Doyle JJ (eds.). Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 7: Phylogeny. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 283–308. ISBN 0947643796. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
^ Doyle JJ, Chappill JA, Bailey CD, Kajita T (2000). "Towards a comprehensive phylogeny of legumes: evidence from rbcL sequences and non-molecular data". In Herendeen PS, Bruneau A (eds.). Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 9. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 1–20. ISBN 184246017X. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
^ Boatwright JS, le Roux MM, Wink M, Morozova T, van Wyk BE (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships of tribe Crotalarieae (Fabaceae) inferred from DNA sequences and morphology". Syst Bot. 33 (4): 752–761. doi:10.1600/036364408786500271. JSTOR 40211942. S2CID 85801868.
^ ^a ^b Van Wyk B-E. (2003). "The value of chemosystematics in clarifying relationships in the Genistoid tribes of papilionoid legumes". Biochem Syst Ecol. 31 (8): 875–884. Bibcode:2003BioSE..31..875V. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00083-8.
^ Wink M, Mohamed GI (2003). "Evolution of chemical defense traits in the Leguminosae: mapping of distribution patterns of secondary metabolites on a molecular phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequences of the rbcL gene". Biochem Syst Ecol. 31 (8): 897–917. Bibcode:2003BioSE..31..897W. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00085-1.
^ "broom - Origin and meaning of broom by Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
^ Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 978-0199206872.
^ Eddie Huckins; Jonathan Soll (5 April 2004). "Controlling Scotch (Scots) Broom (Cytisus scoparius) in the Pacific Northwest" (PDF). Oregon Field Office: The Nature Conservancy.
^ Nichols JG. (1842). "III. Observations on the Heraldic Devices discovered on the Effigies of Richard the Second and his Queen in Westminster Abbey, and upon the Mode in which those Ornaments were executed; including some Remarks on the surname Plantagenet, and on the Ostrich Feathers of the Prince of Wales". In Society of Antiquaries of London (ed.). Archaeologia: or, Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity. Vol. XXIX. J. B. Nichols and Son, London. p. 45.