English: Source of data: Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat), Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System of Russia.

In the lower chart, about difference in life expectancy between urban and rural types of settlements for the entire population, for males and for females, in some places there is an apparent paradox that the difference for the entire population is smaller than specifically for males and females. This is due to the different proportions of males and females - the proportion of females in urban is lower. A larger proportion of females in rural pulls the lower (rural) limit of total statistics up. And a larger proportion of males in urban pulls the upper (urban) limit of total statistics down. Thus, the gap for the total statistics is smaller than the gap for males and females separately.