February 1968

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February 1, 1968: Nguyễn Ngọc Loan executes Nguyễn Văn Lém

The following events occurred in February 1968:

February 1, 1968 (Thursday)[edit]

  • The day after the Tet Offensive had seen a massive attack on South Vietnam's capital, Saigon's police chief, Brigadier General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, displayed a captured Viet Cong officer, Nguyễn Văn Lém, to a group of reporters. As the journalists watched, the chief pulled out a .38 caliber revolver and executed the Viet Cong prisoner with a single shot to the head at point-blank range.[1] Photographer Eddie Adams captured the moment in an iconic photo.[2] In addition, a crew for the American NBC television network filmed the event and the footage was broadcast on the Huntley–Brinkley Report the following night.[3]
  • In the United States, the Pennsylvania Railroad and the New York Central Railroad merged to form the "Penn Central", the service name for the new corporation officially called the "Pennsylvania New York Central Transportation Company". The merger took effect at 12:10 a.m. Eastern time, and, at $4.29 billion, was the biggest in corporate history at the time.[4] The last obstacle to the combination was cleared when the United States Supreme Court concluded on January 15 that it would not violate antitrust laws.[5]
  • Two garbage men for the sanitation department of Memphis, Echol Cole and Robert Walker, were crushed to death when the compactor within the truck accidentally activated as the truck was driving along Colonial Road near Quince Road to the city dump. The accident was initially blamed on a shovel falling from the truck onto some wires and causing a short circuit.[6] Eleven days later, sanitation workers went on a strike[7] that would last for more than two months and would bring civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. to the city on April 4.
February 1, 1968: RCAF, RCN and Army merge as Canadian Armed Forces

February 2, 1968 (Friday)[edit]

February 3, 1968 (Saturday)[edit]

February 4, 1968 (Sunday)[edit]

  • Eleven students from the Jesuit University of Guadalajara died in a sudden snowstorm that overwhelmed their party of 29 who were attempting to climb the 17,343-foot (5,286 m) Iztaccihuatl volcano. The hikers had gotten as far as the 14,100-foot (4,300 m) level when they were trapped by the weather.[31]
  • Martin Luther King Jr., returned to the Ebenezer Baptist Church where he had been pastor, and delivered what would prove to be his final sermon there. Made two months before his assassination on April 4, his sermon was titled "The Drum Major Instinct", about the human desire for recognition of one's good works. Citing Mark 10:35, King would go on to say that one's ambition should be a life of service, and added, "I just want to leave a committed life behind." A recording of the sermon would be played at King's funeral.[32]
  • Porsche automobiles came in first, second and third place in the 24 Hours of Daytona motor event. The winning car, the new Porsche 907, was so far ahead of the second place team, that "five unnecessary driver changers were made in the last two hours, so each member of the Porsche team could share the honor of the triumph"; when the 24 hours came to an end, the three Porsches "swept across the finish line abreast, taking the checkered flag of victory together".[33]
  • The SR.N4 (Saunders-Roe Nautical 4), the world's largest hovercraft, was launched. It would enter commercial service on August 1, and would run for 22 years, ceasing on October 1, 2000.[34]
  • Nine residents, all transients, of the Hotel Roosevelt on Boston's skid row died in a fire, and another 15 were injured.[35]
  • Died: Neal Cassady, 43, American icon of the Beat Generation, was found in a coma beside a railroad track outside of San Miguel de Allende in Mexico, and died in a hospital without regaining consciousness.[36]

February 5, 1968 (Monday)[edit]

  • Greece passed legislation to end a practice that had been given the name "baby marketing", with parents legally selling their infants to brokers who would then resell them to purchasers in the United States and the Netherlands. According to the law's proponents, "A boy, purchased on the Greek market for around $US400 could fetch from $3,000 to $5,000 in America. Girls were said to sell for about half that figure." In 1966, the number of babies "exported" from Greece was claimed to be 1,000 per year. Under the new law, no Greek child, being adopted by a foreigner, would be allowed to leave the country until a social worker filed a report and a court gave its approval.[37]
  • All but one of the 19 crew on the British fishing trawler Ross Cleveland died when the ship capsized in a storm and sank off the coast of Isafjordur at Iceland. The only survivor was the ship's cook, who managed to escape before the ship was seen to go down. The Ross Cleveland was the third fishing vessel from the English port of Hull to have been lost in Iceland within less than a month; the St Romanus had disappeared on January 11 and the Kingston Peridot had vanished on January 26, each with twenty crew on board.[38][39]
  • Saturn V Orbital Workshop (OWS) study teams were examining a range of concepts in two distinct categories, OWS B and OWS C. OWS B would be a relatively simple, generic evolution from the Saturn I OWS being developed for the first Apollo Applications Project (AAP) missions. It would retain the basic elements of the Saturn I OWS but would incorporate the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) solar astronomy payload as an integral part of the OWS. Other modifications to improve overall effectiveness would be incorporated where this could be achieved with small increments of funds or time. OWS C would be a more advanced concept in the evolution toward a flexible operational system for sustained operations in Earth orbit. It would provide living and working quarters for a crew of nine and would be operable for two or more years.[40]
  • A conference to reform the Constitution of Canada opened in Ottawa.[41]
  • Born:
  • Died: Luckey Roberts (Charles Luckyth Roberts), 80, African-American pianist and composer known for "Moonlight Cocktail"

February 6, 1968 (Tuesday)[edit]

February 7, 1968 (Wednesday)[edit]

  • All 102 people aboard an Indian Air Force plane, many of them members of The Garhwal Rifles, were lost when the Antonov An-12 disappeared in the Himalayan mountains while flying to Chandigarh from Leh.[46] No trace of the plane would be found for 33 years until an Italian mountaineering expedition's discovery of several Garhwal Rifle badges in 2001. In 2003, glacial movement at the 17,323-foot (5,280 m) level of one of the Chandrabhaga Peaks of the Dhaka Glacier would lead to the disinterment of several aircraft parts and the body of one of the servicemen, Bali Ram.[47] Three more bodies would be found in 2007[48] On August 31, 2013, another soldier's remains would be recovered, although most of the servicemen remain entombed under the ice.[49][50]
  • Shortly after midnight, the Battle of Khe Sanh and the Vietnam War took a new turn as the North Vietnamese Army attacked with tanks and other armored vehicles for the first time.[51] The 304th Division of the North Vietnamese Army overran the U.S. Army Special Forces camp at Lang Vei with 11 Soviet PT-76 tanks.[52] In all, 316 defenders of the camp would be killed; all but seven of them were Montagnards fighting for South Vietnam and members of the Royal Laotian Army.[53]
  • "It became necessary to destroy the town to save it" became one of the most famous quotes arising out of the Vietnam War, as a news story by Associated Press war correspondent Peter Arnett was published worldwide about the death and destruction caused by American forces during the retaking of the South Vietnamese coastal city of Ben Tre. At least 1,000 civilians had died and 45 percent of Ben Tre's buildings were destroyed in the bombardment by American airplanes and shelling by U.S Navy ships, a measure taken as a last resort after 2,500 Viet Cong had taken control of the city. The quote (often restated as "We had to destroy the village in order to save it") was attributed by Arnett to "a U.S. major"; later in the story, Arnett referred to his interview with U.S. Air Force Major Chester L. Brown, who had directed the bombing.[54] The phrase, however, was actually coined by the reporter; Arnett asked the question, "So you had to destroy the village in order to save it?" and then attributed the words to Major Brown.[55]
  • Nine people were killed and 69 others injured in a fire and subsequent explosions at a meat-packing plant in Chicago. The blast, which occurred at 4:27 in the afternoon, happened when a gasoline tanker truck was traveling through an alley behind the Mickelberry's Food Products plant at 801 West 49th Place, and struck a pipe on the plant's outside wall. The tank ruptured, sending a pool of gasoline into the plant's basement, where it reached a furnace and ignited. Five people were killed immediately, and four more died of their burn injuries.[56]
  • Born:
  • Died: Nick Adams, 36, American television actor best known for starring in the TV series The Rebel; apparently of a drug overdose. The inquest could not agree whether his death was suicide or an accident, but murder has also been suggested.[57]

February 8, 1968 (Thursday)[edit]

  • The Orangeburg massacre took place in Orangeburg, South Carolina, when officers of the South Carolina Highway Patrol fired into a crowd of African-American students on the South Carolina State College campus.[58][59][60] Three students — Harry Ezekial Smith, 19; Samuel Hammond Jr., 18; and Delano Middleton, 17 — were killed, another 27 were wounded. Middleton, a high school student, had been visiting friends on the campus, and was shot four times.[61] On Monday, the college's NAACP chapter had organized a move to desegregate the All-Star Bowling Lanes near the campus; a brawl broke out the next day when more African-American students showed up at the bowling alley, and the day after, tensions were high as SCSC students made plans to picket the Orangeburg City Hall. The triggering incident was when a group of students was building a bonfire at the edge of the campus near the highway patrolmen's command post; someone threw a piece of wood and, whether intended or accidentally, it struck a patrolman. When other officers saw the man fall down, they began firing into the crowd.[62] This was the first instance of police killing student protestors at an American campus.
  • Former Alabama Governor George C. Wallace formally announced his intention to run as an independent candidate in the 1968 United States presidential election.[63]
  • The classic science fiction film Planet of the Apes premiered at Capitol Theatre in New York City.[64]
  • Born: Gary Coleman, American child actor and star of the situation comedy Diff'rent Strokes (d. 2010); in Zion, Illinois

February 9, 1968 (Friday)[edit]

February 9, 1968: The four-mile Rotterdam subway opens
  • The Netherlands inaugurated its very first subway transit system, the Rotterdam Metro, with the opening of one of the world's smallest subway systems. For its first 14 years of existence, the city's Metro, ceremonially opened by Crown Princess Beatrix, had only 3.7 miles (6.0 km) of track. However, it was successful in easing the city's traffic jams; a reporter noted that during rush hour, "Instead of taking 90 minutes by car, Rotterdam's commuters can now do the trip from one end of the town to the other in 12 minutes by subway."[65]
  • The Soviet government newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda, whose audience was the young Communist Party members who belonged to the Party's youth wing, the Komsomol, published an unusually frank admission that the Soviet Union lagged behind the capitalist Western nations in almost every aspect of economic development. Noting that a 1961 prediction by former party leader Nikita Khrushchev— that the Soviet Union would surpass the United States in its standard of living by 1970— was not going to happen and was not even close to occurring, the newspaper survey presented statistics that Soviet citizens had 6.75% as many automobiles, one-fourth the number of radios, less than half as much new clothing and half as much meat and dairy products as Americans. The survey noted, however, that the Soviets were ahead in the number of physicians, the amount spent per student on education, and the amount of housing construction.[66]
  • Twenty-one people in Ceylon were killed while riding from the capital city of Colombo, after the bus that they were in fell 150 feet (46 m) off a cliff.[67]
  • Born: Alejandra Guzmán, Mexican singer-songwriter and actress who had a #1 hit in 2006 with "Volverte a Amar"; in Mexico City

February 10, 1968 (Saturday)[edit]

February 10, 1968: The smaller Boeing 737 begins service

February 11, 1968 (Sunday)[edit]

February 12, 1968 (Monday)[edit]

February 13, 1968 (Tuesday)[edit]

February 14, 1968 (Wednesday)[edit]

February 15, 1968 (Thursday)[edit]

February 16, 1968 (Friday)[edit]

  • The crash of a Taiwanese Civil Air Transport airlines Boeing 727 killed 21 of the 63 people on board when the plane attempted an emergency landing while flying from Hong Kong to Taipei.[87] At the time, C.A.T. was largely owned and secretly operated by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.[87]
  • With cameras rolling, North Vietnam released three American prisoners of war, the first of nine, to the custody of peace activists Daniel Berrigan and Howard Zinn.[88] As part of the propaganda event, the POWs each "expressed their thanks to their captors for the humane and lenient treatment" that they had received, and "expressed remorse over the war". All but one of the nine met the order of release approved by the senior ranking officers (SROs) in each POW camp ("sick and injured first, then enlisted personnel, and the remaining officers by order of shoot-down"). The exception would be a Navy seaman who was given permission by his superiors to accept release because he had memorized the names of all his fellow prisoners of war.[89]
  • The world's first 9-1-1 emergency call was placed in Haleyville, Alabama, by Alabama Speaker of the House Rankin Fite, from the Haleyville City Hall; the call was routed by the operator to the city's police station, where it was referred to U.S. Representative Tom Bevill.[90] The United Kingdom had introduced the 9-9-9 emergency call in 1968.[91][92]
  • The Selective Service System of the United States revised its rules for deferments and exemptions from the draft, allowing the induction of most graduate students who were pursuing a master's degree, a decision that affected 600,000 men.[93] Students in medical school, dental school, or other health field remained exempt, as did those in a theological seminary who planned on "going into ministry".[94]
  • An arsonist killed 12 people inside a bar at the Randolph Hotel at 107 West Reed Street in Moberly, Missouri. William Edward Coleman, angry after having been banned from buying drinks at the Randolph Tavern, was identified as the man walked in with a five-gallon bucket filled with gasoline, splashed it throughout the tavern, then set fire to it at about 3:00 in the afternoon. The four women and eight men who were killed had rushed to the back of the bar in the mistaken belief that they were heading to an exit.[95][96] Coleman would be convicted of the murder of one of the victims on September 25, 1969 and sentenced to death,[97] which would become a sentence of life imprisonment after the 1972 decision invalidating existing capital punishment laws.
  • The NBC television network announced that Star Trek, tentatively set for cancellation, would be renewed for a third season. With the decision having been made following a well-publicized letter writing campaign, a voiceover at the close of that evening's episode informed the viewers and asked that no further mail be sent.[98][99]
  • Born: Warren Ellis, British comic book writer (Transmetropolitan, Planetary); in Rochford, Essex

February 17, 1968 (Saturday)[edit]

February 18, 1968 (Sunday)[edit]

The Emir of Dubai
  • The emirs of Abu Dhabi and Dubai met at the village of as-Sameeh and announced their decision to make a federation of their two emirates, in what would be the first step in creating the United Arab Emirates. At the close of their announcement, Emir Zayed of Abu Dhabi and Emir Rashid of Dubai invited the rulers of the five other kingdoms within the British protectorate (known then as the "Trucial States") to join them in a union. On February 27, the rulers of the seven other Trucial States, as well as those of the emirates of Bahrain and Qatar, would sign a pledge to form a "Federation of Arab Emirates".[105] By the time that the area was granted on December 2, 1971, however, the UAE would consist of six of the seven states (Abu Dhabi and Dubai, as well as Ajman, Fujairah, Kalba and Sharjah), but not Bahrain or Qatar. The seventh state, Ras al-Khaimah, would join two months later.[106]
  • The first snowboarding contest was held, a couple of years after the creation of the sport in which skiers ride a laminated wooden board in the same manner as a surfboard. The competition took place at the Muskegon State Park outside Muskegon, Michigan at a slope called Blockhouse Hill.[107]
  • The leaders of China's Communist Party, its State Council, its Central Military Committee and the Central Cultural Revolution Panel announced the "Notice of February 18", directing financial institutions to freeze the bank deposits of on any persons accused of being part of ten categories of undesirables ("traitors, spies, capitalist roaders in the communist party, landlords, rich peasants, counterrevolutionaries, bad elements, rightists who have not been well reformed, counterrevolutionary bourgeois and counterrevolutionary intellectuals").[108]
  • Born:

February 19, 1968 (Monday)[edit]

  • Misterogers' Neighborhood (later called Mister Rogers' Neighborhood), described at the time by one critic as "probably the finest children's television series ever made",[109] debuted nationwide in the U.S. on National Educational Television at 5:30 in the afternoon. While Presbyterian minister and child psychologist Fred Rogers had been on the air on Pittsburgh's WQED-TV since 1963, and had expanded by 1966 to some other educational stations in Chicago and along the east coast, it had run out of funding until the Sears Roebuck Foundation and the Ford Foundation made grants for new productions; the show had gone off the air in 1967, but was shown in reruns on stations after parents of preschoolers and young children demanded its return.[109] It would then continue as a staple of Public Broadcasting System programming after NET's assets were acquired by PBS and would continue until Rogers's retirement on August 31, 2001.
  • The International Court of Justice, commonly known as the "World Court", settled the dispute between India and Pakistan over the Rann of Kutch salt marshes on the border between the two nations. The three member arbitration panel awarded 90% of the Rann to India and 10% to Pakistan.[110] With the exception of granting Pakistan the northern part of Rann, the panel restored the area to the areas occupied before the 1965 war between the two nations.[111]
  • The Florida Education Association, a labor union for most of the schoolteachers in Florida, called the first statewide teachers' walkout in American history, forcing the closure of the schools in 51 of Florida's 67 counties.[112][113] The unprecedented statewide walkout would continue for a month, and would inspire similar teacher strikes elsewhere in the United States.
  • Fifteen of the 20 crew on the Panamanian cargo ship Capitaine Frangos were killed when the ship sank after colliding with an unidentified ship at the entrance to the Dardanelles in Turkey.[114]
  • A vote, in Canada's House of Commons, to raise income taxes by five percent, failed 82 to 84. Led by Robert Stanfield, opposition members of the Progressive Conservative Party called on Liberal Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson and his coalition government to resign and to call new elections. Pearson— whose Liberal Party was looking for his successor in the wake of his announced retirement— declined to step down.[115]

February 20, 1968 (Tuesday)[edit]

February 21, 1968 (Wednesday)[edit]

February 22, 1968 (Thursday)[edit]

February 23, 1968 (Friday)[edit]

  • The newly incorporated Hyundai Motor Company of South Korea, represented by its president, Chung Ju-yung, signed an agreement with the Ford Motor Company of the United States for a joint venture in which Ford Motor would supply Hyundai with the technology and equipment to construct a plant in Ulsan, in return for a percentage of the profits.[132]
  • The first victim of a Scottish serial killer, nicknamed "Bible John" by the media, was found in Glasgow. Patricia Docker, a 25-year-old nurse, had been raped and strangled after having last been seen at a Glasgow dance hall.[133]
  • Died: Fannie Hurst, 82, American novelist and short story writer

February 24, 1968 (Saturday)[edit]

February 25, 1968 (Sunday)[edit]

February 26, 1968 (Monday)[edit]

February 27, 1968 (Tuesday)[edit]

  • "Report from Vietnam by Walter Cronkite", a 30-minute installment of a CBS News special, aired at 10:30 in the evening Eastern time. At the close of the program, the host of the CBS Evening News told an audience of nine million viewers, "It seems now more certain than ever that the bloody experience of Vietnam is to end in a stalemate... it is increasingly clear to this reporter that the only rational way out then will be to negotiate, not as victors but as an honorable people who lived up to their pledge to defend democracy, and did the best they could. This is Walter Cronkite. Good night."[149] Although U.S. President Johnson is said to have remarked to advisers the next day that "If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost the war!" (or in some accounts, "I've lost the American people."), historian W. Joseph Campbell would note after research that "Under scrutiny, the 'Cronkite moment' dissolves as illusory— a chimera, a media-driven myth."[150]
  • U.S. President Johnson visited Dallas for the first time since he had been sworn in as President at Dallas Love Field on November 22, 1963. Johnson spoke to about 10,000 delegates of National Rural Electric Cooperative convention and told them that he believed that the Vietnam War had reached "a turning point".[151]
  • Born: Matt Stairs, Canadian Major League Baseball designated hitter; in Saint John, New Brunswick
Lymon

February 28, 1968 (Wednesday)[edit]

  • The township of Auroville was founded in India's union territory of Pondicherry by Hindu spiritual leader Mirra Alfassa, and named for her mentor, Sri Aurobindo. In the inaugural ceremony, "about 5,000 people from some 125 nations gathered at a banyan tree in the future city", each bringing some dirt from their homelands to be placed in an urn. Forty years later, Auroville (which originally was conceived as home to 50,000 people) had 1,700 residents from 35 nations.[153]
  • Canada's Prime Minister Pearson won a vote of confidence in the House of Commons of Canada by a margin of 138 to 119, bringing an end to the crisis that had begun nine days earlier when his tax proposal failed.[154]
  • The annual Rio Carnival in Rio de Janeiro ended on Ash Wednesday after four days with 83 deaths (14 of them murders) and more than 5,000 injuries.[155]
  • All but one of the 23 servicemen on board a U.S. Marines helicopter were killed when the CH-46 Sea Knight was struck by ground fire and crashed about 11 miles (18 km) northeast of the Khe Sanh Combat Base.[156]
  • Soul on Ice, the classic memoir of African-American activist Eldridge Cleaver, was released by the McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.[157]
  • Several changes took place within the First Gorton Ministry of the new Australian government, including the renaming of Charles Barnes' department as the Minister for External Territories. Future Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser joined the Cabinet as Minister for Education and Science, as did Ken Anderson as Minister for Supply.
  • Michigan Governor George Romney became the first major presidential candidate to withdraw from the 1968 campaign. Romney had declared his intention to seek the nomination of the Republican Party, but concluded that he was well behind former U.S. Vice President Richard M. Nixon in raising funds for the New Hampshire primary.[158]
  • Died:

February 29, 1968 (Thursday)[edit]

February 29, 1968: Kerner Commission releases report on 1967 riots
  • The Kerner Commission (officially, The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders) released its report on the riots of the previous summer and highlighted racial discrimination in the United States as a primary cause.[159] The 426-page report became a national bestseller, with two million copies purchased, and summarized the problem with the ominous warning, "Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal."[160][161]
  • U.S. President Johnson made an unscheduled appearance at the Pentagon for the farewell ceremony for outgoing Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara. Johnson became the first U.S. president to be trapped in an elevator when he, the Secretary and 11 other people were caught between the second and third floor when the elevator became stuck. It took another 12 minutes before maintenance men could release them. Johnson joked, "I never knew it took so long to get to the top in the Pentagon," while McNamara said, "This is what's wrong with there being 29 days in February."[162]
  • For the fourth time in the 20th century, a supernova was observed from Earth. The explosion was detected from within the spiral galaxy NGC 6946[163] at least 22 million years after it had occurred. Swiss astronomer Paul Wild and Canadian astronomer David Dunlap, working independently of each other, both detected the supernova, now designated as SN1968B. Other supernovae had been seen by Earth astronomers in 1917, 1939, and 1948, and more would be observed in later years (1969, 1980, 2002, 2004, 2008 and 2017).
  • The Brussels Convention of 1968, subtitled "on the mutual recognition of companies and bodies corporate within the EEC", was signed in the Belgian capital by the representatives of the six (European Economic Community) members (France, Italy, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg).[164]
  • The Apollo Applications Program (AAP) had first been presented as a separate Research and Development program in NASA's FY 1968 budget request, submitted to Congress in January 1967. As originally conceived, AAP was designed to take full advantage of the United States' investment in Apollo-developed hardware, facilities, staffing and expertise. However, in making adjustments to considerably lower funding, the program had by now been pared down to the minimum level for maintaining a reasonable human spaceflight program in the early part of the next decade and preserving any basic capability for future U.S. crewed operations in space.[40]
  • The 10th Annual Grammy Awards were held in Chicago, Los Angeles, Nashville and New York City. Big winners included The Beatles and George Martin for Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, and Johnny Mann for "Up, Up and Away".[165][166]
  • In the continuing reforms of the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia, the Writers’ Union published the first copy of the magazine Literární listy not to require the approval of government censors.[167]
  • A political crisis began in Poland when the Polish Writers' Union voted to condemn encroachments on the right to free speech.[168]
  • Died: Tore Ørjasæter, 81, Norwegian poet

References[edit]

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  28. ^ "Princess Weds German Prince in 'Quiet' Affair", Philadelphia Inquirer, February 4, 1968, p1
  29. ^ "Protest Voice 'Out', Love, Love, Love 'In'", Indianapolis Star, February 5, 1968, p1
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  32. ^ A Time to Break Silence: The Essential Works of Martin Luther King, Jr., for Students (Beacon Press, 2013)
  33. ^ "Porsches Score 1–2–3 Sweep at Daytona", Chicago Tribune, February 5, 1968, p3-3
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