Christmas in New Zealand

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Auckland's Sky Tower illuminated in Christmas colours during the month of December

Christmas traditions in New Zealand—like those in Australia—incorporate traditional Christian, British and North American Christmas traditions, including biblical and winter iconography, as well as modern and local customs. As New Zealand is in the Southern Hemisphere, the holiday falls during the summer months, so it is often celebrated outdoors with barbeques, picnics, and trips to the beach. New Zealand Christmas dishes include summer fruits and vegetables, a variety of locally-produced meats and seafood, and pavlova dessert. Pōhutukawa are displayed as well as the traditional Northern European tree. Christian church celebrations are held on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day, with carols and hymns sung in both English and Māori.

Christmas (Māori: Kirihimete[1]) became widely celebrated by Christians in the late 19th century. Today, Christmas Day and Boxing Day are both statutory holidays in New Zealand, and Christmas is celebrated by both Christians and non-Christians. While Boxing Day is a standard statutory holiday, Christmas Day is one of the few days of the year where all but the most essential businesses and services must close.[2]

History[edit]

Depiction of the sermon by Rev. Samuel Marsden at Oihi Bay, Christmas Day 1814

The Christian festival of Christmas was introduced to New Zealand by missionaries in the early 19th century. The first recorded Christmas service on New Zealand shores was in 1814, with Anglican priest Samuel Marsden delivering a sermon to around 400 Māori at Oihi Bay in the Bay of Islands, at the invitation of chiefs Te Pahi and Ruatara.[3]

In the mid 19th century observance of the Christmas holiday varied along sectarian grounds. English and Irish settlers, who were typically Anglicans and Catholics respectively, brought their own Christmas traditions. Scottish settlers did not widely celebrate Christmas as the Scottish Presbyterian church never placed much emphasis on the Christmas festival, on the grounds that it was unscriptural.[4][5] In the late 19th century the Presbyterians began to embrace Christmas celebrations,[4] and as sectarianism between the different ethnic communities decreased the holiday became widely observed by all New Zealanders—albeit as a low-key, private affair until the late 20th century.

Christmas Day became a bank holiday following the Bank Holidays Act 1873, and all workers were entitled to a day off for Christmas as a result of the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1894. The Public Holidays Act 1910 further established Christmas Day and "the day after Christmas Day"[6] (Boxing Day) as non-working days.[7]

Imagery and decorations[edit]

The December-flowering pōhutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa) is an often-used Christmas symbol in New Zealand
Christmas parade in Featherston incorporating New Zealand iconography and flora
Christmas parade in Featherston incorporating New Zealand iconography and flora
Lights on houses and cabbage trees in Freemans Bay, Auckland
Lights on houses and cabbage trees in Freemans Bay, Auckland
Pōhutakawa branch in Mangōnui
Pōhutakawa branch in Mangōnui

New Zealanders celebrate Christmas with traditional Northern Hemisphere winter and biblical imagery mixed with local imagery. Native plants, ferns, and flaxes are displayed alongside traditional Christmas flowers such as mistletoe, and biblical stars and angels.[5] The pōhutukawa, which produces large crimson flowers in December, is an often used symbol for Christmas in New Zealand, and subsequently the pōhutukawa has become known as the New Zealand Christmas tree.[8][5]

Some homeowners decorate the exterior of their houses. Displays range from the modest to elaborate, sometimes with hundreds of lights and decorations depicting seasonal motifs such as Christmas trees, Santa Claus, reindeer, or nativity scenes.[9][10] Particular regions have a tradition for elaborate displays, and attract a great amount of pedestrian and vehicular traffic during the Christmas season. This is despite the longer days, with dusk ranging from 9:05 p.m. in Gisborne (New Zealand's most northeasterly city) to as late as 10:20 p.m. in Invercargill (the most southwesterly city).[11]

Food[edit]

See also: List of Christmas dishes
Pavlova is a popular Christmas dessert in New Zealand
Glazed ham with orange slices and cloves. [[Pork]] and [[lamb]] are the most popular Christmas meat in New Zealand and enjoy near-equal popularity.
Glazed ham with orange slices and cloves. Ham and lamb are the most popular Christmas meat in New Zealand and enjoy near-equal popularity.

Families traditionally gather for a Christmas lunch. While a formal dinner indoors remains traditional, barbecue lunches have increased in popularity since the 2000s, with around 43% of New Zealanders having a barbecue lunch in 2019.[5][12][13] Cultural cooking methods such as hāngī, umu and lovo are also commonly used in Christmas celebrations.[14][15]

A Christmas hāngi, December 2010
A summer hāngī, December 2010.

Christmas lunches commonly include hot meat, with lamb and ham being the most popular,[16][17] root vegetables such as potato and kūmara (sweet potato), and a variety of salads.[12][13] As appropriate for the often warm summer temperatures of the day, it has become popular to serve cold meats and seafood.[5][18] Traditional Northern Hemisphere Christmas foods, such as turkey and brussels sprouts, were common in the past and continue to be eaten by a minority.[12] Similarly, sweet dishes include both traditional British Christmas desserts (such as Christmas cake, Christmas pudding, fruit mince pies, and trifle)[5][12] and local desserts such as pavlova topped with summer fruits (such as strawberries and raspberries) or kiwifruit.[12][19][20]

Parades and music[edit]

Several Christmas themed parades are held in New Zealand. A popular event is Auckland's Santa Parade down Queen Street.[21] This features numerous floats and marching bands and attracts large crowds every year. It is held late November to accommodate holidaymakers and is seen as the preamble to the later festivities. The tradition of Carols by Candlelight is popular in New Zealand.[22][23] In Auckland and Christchurch there are usually large outdoor concerts known as Christmas in the Park.[24]

Numerous recordings of original and adapted Christmas songs have been made since 1949, when the TANZA label was founded.[25]

Religious observances[edit]

10,000 Aucklanders celebrated Christmas waving glow sticks at the 2011 GLOW carol event at Vector Arena, created and produced by St Paul's church

Christianity is the most common religion in New Zealand, with 37.3 percent of the population at the 2018 census identified as Christian, with Anglicanism being the largest denomination.[26] In a 2006 survey only 10 percent of those surveyed thought that religion was the most important part of Christmas, although the religious importance of Christmas was respected. 26 percent said 'going to church' was important and 41 percent said it wasn't. 31 percent said 'carols by candlelight' was important and 37 percent said it wasn't. About two-thirds said the best thing about Christmas was time spent with family.[27]

From 2009 to 2013, St Paul's, Auckland produced the GLOW Carols by Glowstick event at Auckland's Vector Arena, with around 10,000 people attending each year.[28][29] A key part of the event were Christmas films produced by St Paul's including The Christmas Story which has had 4 million views on YouTube.[30][31] Their 2012 documentary short film O Little Town of Bethlehem was shot in modern Bethlehem.[32][33][31] In December 2009 a billboard put up by St Matthew's, Auckland showing Mary and Joseph in bed together drew global media attention as well as criticism from other churches.[34][35] In 2022, Taranaki Cathedral displayed a large artwork with the words 'Cast Down The Mighty, Send The Rich Away' and 'Lift the Lowly, Fill the Hungry' from the King James Version of Luke 1:52-53. Critics said it wasn't 'Christmassy'.[36]

In 2022, Auckland City Mission was expected to provide 10,000 parcels of food and tens of thousands of presents to people in need of support at Christmas time.[37] Christian leaders invite New Zealanders to church celebrations focusing on the "love, grace, peace and salvation" that was brought by the birth of Jesus and to show "the goodness and love of God".[38][39]

Retail[edit]

Christmas display, featuring Santa Claus and reindeer, on a shop on Queen Street, Auckland, 2013

The lead-up to Christmas is the busiest shopping season in New Zealand. Paymark, who provides EFTPOS services to 70 percent of retailers, recorded a total spend of $8.6 billion of transactions through its network in the six weeks leading up to Christmas 2019. On Christmas Eve 2019, the Paymark network processed 199 transactions per second at peak times.[40]

Black Friday sales began to be adopted by New Zealand retailers in 2013, largely to remain competitive with US-based online retailers. In 2015, major retailers such as The Warehouse, Noel Leeming and Harvey Norman offered Black Friday sales,[41] and by 2018 were joined by Farmers, JB Hi-Fi, Briscoes and Rebel Sport.[42] Paymark processed $253 million in transactions though its network on Black Friday 2019, overtaking Boxing Day for the first time.[43]

Media[edit]

As Christmas falls in summer, watching television is not as strong a part of New Zealand Christmas traditions as many Northern Hemisphere countries. Most regular television series and current affairs shows go off-air from mid-December to mid-to-late January. No advertising is allowed on New Zealand television or radio on Christmas Day, a rule that also applies on Good Friday and Easter Sunday.[44]

TVNZ 1 broadcasts the Royal Christmas Message at 6:50 pm.[45][46] The message has been broadcast on television since at least 1961.[47] In a 2006 survey 20% said watching the Royal Christmas Message was important and 47% said it wasn’t.[27]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Kirihimete". maoridictionary.co.nz. Māori Dictionary. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  2. ^ "Holidays Act 2003 No 129 (as at 30 September 2008), Public Act". Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  3. ^ "Marsden's first Christmas". New Zealand Geographic. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  4. ^ a b Stenhouse, John; Wood, G. A. (2005). Christianity, Modernity and Culture: New Perspectives on New Zealand History. ATF Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-920691-33-2.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Swarbrick, Nancy (16 September 2016). "Public holidays – Easter, Christmas and New Year". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  6. ^ "Public Holidays Act 1910" (PDF). New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 7 May 2020 – via www.austlii.edu.au.
  7. ^ Swarbrick, Nancy (16 September 2016). "Public holidays – public holidays legislation". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  8. ^ "Pohutukawa trees". Ministry of Culture and Heritage (New Zealand). Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  9. ^ Ruru, Karanama (1 December 2022). "Auckland's Franklin Rd Christmas lights turn on for first time in two years". Stuff. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  10. ^ Comer, Rachael (23 December 2022). "Christmas lights: Timaru's competition winners revealed". Stuff. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  11. ^ "Sunrise and sunset times in Invercargill, December 2020". www.timeanddate.com. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  12. ^ a b c d e "Lamb, ham or turkey? Survey discovers what Kiwis eat on Christmas day". NZ Herald. 18 December 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  13. ^ a b "What meat do Kiwis eat on Christmas Day?". NZ Herald. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  14. ^ "Cook hāngī, umu and lovo safely this Christmas". Māori Television. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  15. ^ natlib.govt.nz https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22828401. Retrieved 31 December 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  16. ^ "NZ Lamb crowned meat of choice for Christmas dinner, according to survey". NZ Herald. 20 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  17. ^ "Pork and ham the most popular Christmas meal for Kiwis in 2021". Newshub. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  18. ^ "Christmas in New Zealand". New Zealand Tourism Guide. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  19. ^ Sargent, Ewan (19 December 2018). "Pavlova was born for the role of Kiwi Christmas dessert". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  20. ^ Leach, Helen (2008). The Pavlova Story: A Slice of New Zealand's Culinary History. Otago University Press. pp. 11–31. ISBN 978-1-877372-57-5.
  21. ^ Block, George (24 November 2019). "In pictures: Sweltering Auckland Santa parade goes off with bang". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  22. ^ "Community spirit shines in Carols by Candlelight". Stuff. 24 December 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  23. ^ "Traffic concerns force move for Carols by Candlelight". NZ Herald. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  24. ^ "Stellar line-up of local talent for Christmas in the Park | Scoop News". Scoop.co.nz. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  25. ^ Grant Gillanders (10 December 2020). "Christmas in the Sun". AudioCulture.
  26. ^ "2018 Census totals by topic national highlights". Statistics New Zealand. Table 26. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  27. ^ a b "Kiwis' attitude to Christmas | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  28. ^ "Carols by glow-stick at Vector Arena". NZ Herald. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  29. ^ "St Paul's, Glow - Carols by Glowstick". Image Central. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  30. ^ "The story of Christmas - A Kiwi version". NZ Herald. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  31. ^ a b "St Paul's Arts & Media". YouTube. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  32. ^ "Christmas in modern-day Bethlehem". Newshub. News Hub. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  33. ^ "Roundup: Animated Nativity short; Bethlehem speaks; "Glory in the Darkest Place"; Norwegian jazz; gilding goldfinch". Art & Theology. 21 December 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  34. ^ "Unholy row over New Zealand Mary and Joseph billboard". BBC News. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  35. ^ "Joseph and Mary in Bed Poster Causes Stir". www.cbsnews.com. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  36. ^ Harvey, Helen (23 December 2022). "Christmas or Marxist? The cathedral artwork that's got people talking". Stuff. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  37. ^ "Because real change can start with just one meal". Auckland City Mission. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  38. ^ "Auckland's church leaders on what to think about this Christmas". NZ Herald. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  39. ^ "Christmas Season 2022: 'We can become God's presence to others' - Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. 20 December 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  40. ^ "Christmas spending surpasses last year, reaching $8.6 billion". Stuff. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  41. ^ Dougan, Patrice (27 November 2015). "Black Friday mania to hit New Zealand". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  42. ^ "Black Friday sales madness sweeps country, set to break record". NZ Herald. 23 November 2018 – via www.nzherald.co.nz.
  43. ^ "Spending habits are changing with Kiwis spending more on Black Friday than Boxing Day". Stuff. 26 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  44. ^ "New Zealand Broadcasting Act 1989". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  45. ^ Kirka, Danica (25 December 2021). "Queen Elizabeth set to offer particularly personal Christmas Day message". Stuff. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  46. ^ Laud, Georgina (25 December 2018). "The Queen's Christmas speech FLASHBACK through the years". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  47. ^ "Week-end Radio And TV". The Press. 23 December 1961. p. 15.

External links[edit]

Media related to Christmas in New Zealand at Wikimedia Commons

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