1989

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from August 1989)
From left, clockwise: an earthquake strikes the San Francisco Bay Area, killing 63 people; the proposal document for the World Wide Web is submitted; the Exxon Valdez oil tanker runs aground in Prince William Sound, Alaska, causing a large oil spill; the fall of the Berlin Wall begins the downfall of Communism in Eastern Europe, and heralds German reunification; the United States invades Panama to depose Manuel Noriega; the Baltic Way led to the independence of the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania from the Soviet Union; the stands of Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield, Yorkshire, where the Hillsborough disaster occurred; students demonstrate in Tiananmen Square, Beijing; many are killed by forces of the Chinese Communist Party.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1989 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1989
MCMLXXXIX
Ab urbe condita2742
Armenian calendar1438
ԹՎ ՌՆԼԸ
Assyrian calendar6739
Baháʼí calendar145–146
Balinese saka calendar1910–1911
Bengali calendar1396
Berber calendar2939
British Regnal year37 Eliz. 2 – 38 Eliz. 2
Buddhist calendar2533
Burmese calendar1351
Byzantine calendar7497–7498
Chinese calendar戊辰年 (Earth Dragon)
4686 or 4479
    — to —
己巳年 (Earth Snake)
4687 or 4480
Coptic calendar1705–1706
Discordian calendar3155
Ethiopian calendar1981–1982
Hebrew calendar5749–5750
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat2045–2046
 - Shaka Samvat1910–1911
 - Kali Yuga5089–5090
Holocene calendar11989
Igbo calendar989–990
Iranian calendar1367–1368
Islamic calendar1409–1410
Japanese calendarShōwa 64 / Heisei 1
(平成元年)
Javanese calendar1921–1922
Juche calendar78
Julian calendarGregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar4322
Minguo calendarROC 78
民國78年
Nanakshahi calendar521
Thai solar calendar2532
Tibetan calendar阳土龙年
(male Earth-Dragon)
2115 or 1734 or 962
    — to —
阴土蛇年
(female Earth-Snake)
2116 or 1735 or 963
Unix time599616000 – 631151999

1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1989th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 989th year of the 2nd millennium, the 89th year of the 20th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1980s decade.

1989 was a turning point in political history with the "Revolutions of 1989" which ended communism in Eastern Bloc of Europe, starting in Poland and Hungary, with experiments in power-sharing coming to a head with the opening of the Berlin Wall in November, the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia and the overthrow of the communist dictatorship in Romania in December; the movement ended in December 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Revolutions against communist governments in Eastern Europe mainly succeeded, but the year also saw the suppression by the Chinese government of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests in Beijing.

It was the year of the first Brazilian presidential election in 29 years, since the end of the military government in 1985 that ruled the country for more than twenty years, and marked the redemocratization process's final point.

F. W. de Klerk was elected as State President of South Africa, and his regime gradually dismantled the apartheid system over the next five years, culminating with the 1994 election that brought jailed African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela to power.

The first commercial Internet service providers surfaced in this year,[1][2] as well as the first written proposal for the World Wide Web and New Zealand, Japan and Australia's first Internet connections. The first babies born after preimplantation genetic diagnosis were conceived in late 1989.[3]

Events[edit]

January[edit]

February[edit]

Soviet unit pictured prior to their withdrawal from Afghanistan

March[edit]

Mass demonstration at the Hungarian state television headquarters
The Exxon Valdez

April[edit]

Polish Round Table Agreement

May[edit]

June[edit]

July[edit]

August[edit]

Voyager 2 at Neptune
Baltic Way in Estonia

September[edit]

October[edit]

The Phillips disaster

November[edit]

Germans standing on top of the Berlin Wall
A peaceful demonstration in Prague during the Velvet Revolution

December[edit]

Flames engulf a building following the United States invasion of Panama


Births and deaths[edit]

Nobel Prizes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Company History". Sublime IP. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
  2. ^ "Wired 7.08: Harmonic Convergence". Wired. Archive.wired.com. January 4, 2009. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
  3. ^ "Genetic Defect Screened Out; Healthy Twins Born". LA Times. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
  4. ^ Gordon, Stephen Engelberg With Michael R.; Times, Special To the New York (January 1, 1989). "Germans Accused of Helping Libya Build Nerve Gas Plant". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  5. ^ William Tuohy (January 25, 1989). "German Firm Reportedly Knew Libya Toxic Gas Plan". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  6. ^ Archives, L. A. Times (January 14, 1989). "Amin Forced Back to Zaire After Saudis Block His Return". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
  7. ^ Battiata, Mary (January 15, 1989). "AFRICAN NATIONS COLD-SHOULDER EXILED IDI AMIN". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
  8. ^ Bergen, Peter (2014). The longest war: the enduring conflict between America and Al-Qaeda. Place of publication not identified: Free Press. p. 317. ISBN 9780857208835.
  9. ^ Peter Lambert; Andrew Nickson (July 27, 2016). The Transition to Democracy in Paraguay. Springer. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-1-349-25767-6.
  10. ^ John McCarthy (February 5, 2019). "Eurosport celebrates 30th birthday with shorts series marking its 1989 beginnings". The Drum. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  11. ^ Wilkens, Herbert; Maennig, Wolfgang (1997). Transition in Eastern Europe: Current Issues and Perspectives. Duncker & Humblot. p. 71. ISBN 978-3-428-49107-0. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  12. ^ "The birth of the World Wide Web | CERN timelines". Timeline.web.cern.ch. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
  13. ^ "Judge Rejects Keating Suit – Sees 'Looting' of Lincoln". The New York Times. August 24, 1990. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  14. ^ Conn, David; Vinter, Robyn (July 28, 2021). "Liverpool fan's death ruled as 97th victim of Hillsborough disaster". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i Crystal, David, ed. (1990). The Cambridge Encyclopedia. Cambridge University Press. p. RR69.
  16. ^ Gene Therapy (Report). Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
  17. ^ "Top USSR bank moves ruble into electronic age..." The Deseret News. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2020 – via Google News Archive Search.
  18. ^ "First McDonald's in Moscow, Russia ~". Bleskon.com. Archived from the original on August 9, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
  19. ^ "Thirty Years After the Last Golden Toad Sighting, What Have We Learned?". Rainforest Trust. May 15, 2019. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  20. ^ ""The bombing near Keserwan"" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 26, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  21. ^ "Gay Peru News & Reports 2011". Archive.globalgayz.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
  22. ^ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Uno Sōsuke | prime minister of Japan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  23. ^ Bahlmann, Bruce; Ramkumar, Preethi. "HDTV – High Definition Television". Birds-Eye.Net. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  24. ^ a b Nevett, Joshua (June 5, 2019). "How the Ufa train disaster was overshadowed by Tiananmen Square". Europe. BBC News. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  25. ^ "Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej o wynikach głosowania i wynikach wyborów do Sejmu PRL przeprowadzonych dnia 4 czerwca 1989 r. - 1033/30 t.1 k. 1, 3-169" [Announcement of the National Electoral Commission on the results of voting and the results of the elections to the Sejm of the People's Republic of Poland held on June 4, 1989 - 1033/30 t.1 k. 1, 3-169]. prezydent.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  26. ^ "POLAND: parliamentary elections Sejm, 1989". Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1989. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  27. ^ Makinen, Julie (June 4, 2014). "Tiananmen Square mystery: Who was 'Tank Man'?". World & Nation. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 17, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  28. ^ a b Buchan, James (March 12, 2009). "Ayatollah Khomeini's funeral: The funeral of Ayatollah Khomeini, writes James Buchan, was not a tragedy but a gruesome farce:id". New Statesman. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  29. ^ Moseley, Ray; Reaves, Joseph A. (June 7, 1989). "Mourners Rip Shroud, Khomeini's Body Falls". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 15, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  30. ^ Miller, Nick (October 12, 2017). "The forgotten story of... the Colourful XI tragedy". The forgotten story of... The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  31. ^ "Nazi Ship Bismarck Is Found in 'Good Shape'". The New York Times. Reuters. June 14, 1989. p. A5. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  32. ^ Mackay, Robert (June 23, 1989). "The Bismarck: 'It belongs to Germany'". United Press International, Inc. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  33. ^ "IRELAND: parliamentary elections Dáil Éireann, 1989". Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1989. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  34. ^ Kamm, Henry (June 17, 1989). "Hungarian Who Led '56 Revolt Is Buried as a Hero". The New York Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  35. ^ "GREECE: parliamentary elections Vouli Ton Ellinon, 1989". Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1989. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  36. ^ Hallett, Emma (June 20, 2014). "Summer solstice: How the Stonehenge battles faded". England. BBC News. Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  37. ^ Weisskopf, Michael (June 25, 1989). "NEW CHINESE PARTY CHIEF ROSE BY FOLLOWING PREVAILING POLITICAL WINDS". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  38. ^ "Jiang Zemin". Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  39. ^ Cowell, Alan (July 1, 1989). "Military Coup In Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime". The New York Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  40. ^ "adventure.lotteworld.com". Archived from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  41. ^ Longworth, R.C. (July 15, 1989). "French Shoot The Works With Soaring Bicentennial French". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  42. ^ Belsie, Laurent (June 29, 2009). "Madoff's sentence: big, but not 141,078 years". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
  43. ^ Vavilov, A.; Nicholls, David (2016). Gazprom: An Energy Giant and Its Challenges in Europe. Springer. p. 16. ISBN 9781137461100. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  44. ^ a b "A Guide for Study of Historical Offices: South Africa: Heads of State: 1961-1994". Archontology. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  45. ^ Masiza, Zondi (1993). "A Chronology of South Africa's Nuclear Program" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  46. ^ "Doe v. Michigan (E.D. Mich. 1989)". Bc.edu. Archived from the original on April 21, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
  47. ^ a b "Soviets Line Up For Makeup – Estee Lauder Shop Draws Moscow Crowds". Philly.com. Articles.philly.com. November 17, 1989. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
  48. ^ "The Danish Registered Partnership Act". June 7, 1989. Archived from the original on September 30, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  49. ^ Rule, Sheila (October 2, 1989). "Rights for Gay Couples in Denmark". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
  50. ^ "The Flag Burning Page". Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
  51. ^ "The Barry Shein Home Page". Std.com. Archived from the original on January 15, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
  52. ^ Basler, Barbara; Times, Special To the New York (December 12, 1989). "Hong Kong Forcibly Returns 51 Boat People". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  53. ^ Last speech of Nicolae Ceaușescu. December 21, 1989. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  54. ^ Paye-Layleh, Jonathan (December 24, 2009). "Grim legacy of Liberia's most isolated town". BBC. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  55. ^ Jeffries, Ian (1993). Socialist economies and the transition to the market : a guide. London New York: Routledge. p. 434. ISBN 9781134903603.
  56. ^ "The Warsaw Voice". Warsawvoice.pl. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
  57. ^ Hayes, Thomas C. (February 28, 1990). "Wal-Mart Net Jumps By 31.8%". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 23, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
  58. ^ Pareles, Jon (December 10, 1989). "Outlaw Rock: More Skirmishes on the Censorship Front POP VIEW; More Skirmishes on The Censorship Front". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.

Further reading[edit]

  • Ash, Timothy Garton. The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of '89 Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin, and Prague (1999) excerpt
  • Kenney, Padraic, ed. 1989: Democratic Revolutions at the Cold War's End: A Brief History with Documents (2009)
  • Sebestyen, Victor. Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire (2010) excerpt

External links[edit]