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Al-Manar

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For the former Egyptian Islamic magazine, see Al-Manar (magazine).
"Al Manar" redirects here. For other uses, see Manar.

Al-Manar
TypeSatellite television network
Country
Lebanon
Availability
Webcast
MottoStation of the resistance[1]
HeadquartersHaret Hreik, Beirut
OwnerHezbollah
(Lebanese Communication Group)
Key people
Nasser Akhdar (director of programming)[2][3]
Launch date
4 June 1991; 33 years ago (1991-06-04)
Picture format
4:3 (576i · SDTV)
Official website
english.almanar.com.lb Edit this at Wikidata
Part of a series on
Hezbollah
Political activities
Military activities
Capabilities
Organizations
Media
People
Secretaries-General
Senior officials

Al-Manar (Arabic: المنار, romanized: al-Manār, lit. ''The Lighthouse'') is a Lebanese satellite television station owned and operated by the Islamist political party and paramilitary group Hezbollah,[4][5] broadcasting from Beirut, Lebanon.[6] The channel was launched on 4 June 1991 as a terrestrial channel and in 2000 as a satellite channel. It is a member of the Arab States Broadcasting Union. The station reaches around 50 million people.[7]

The station is considered one of Hezbollah's most important global propaganda tools, with the Danish Institute for International Studies describing it as "the very centrepiece of the entire [Hezbollah] media apparatus".[8]

It is banned in the United States, France, Spain, and Germany, and has run into some service and license problems outside Lebanon,[9] making it unavailable in the Netherlands,[10][11] Canada, and Australia.[12][13]

According to the RAND Corporation in 2017, "Al-Manar has an annual budget of roughly $15 million, much of it supplied by wealthy expatriate Lebanese donors and various Iranian community organizations, and income from the sale of its shows."[14]

History

[edit]
See also: South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)

Al-Manar first began terrestrial broadcasting from Beirut, Lebanon on 4 June 1991.[15] The station was located in the predominantly Shi'a neighborhood of Haret Hreik in the southern suburbs of Beirut, where Hezbollah is also headquartered.[16][8] Originally, the station had only a few employees, who had studied media in London during the mid-1980s. But almost a year later, Al-Manar was employing over 150 people.[16]

Initially, Al Manar would broadcast five hours per day. Shortly before the 1992 election, it began broadcasting regular news bulletins in order to help Hezbollah attain more votes and spread its message to more people. In 1993, the station expanded its broadcasting to seven hours a day and extended its signal to the southern part of the Bekaa Valley. Ahead of the 1996 Lebanese parliamentary elections, additional antennas were erected in Northern Lebanon and throughout the Mount Lebanon range, so that the station could be viewed not only in Lebanon, but also in western Syria and northern Israel. Broadcasting was extended to 20 hours in 1998 but reduced to 18 hours in 2000.[17]

In 1996, the Lebanese government granted broadcasting licenses to five television stations, not including Al-Manar. Approximately 50 stations were forced to close at the time. Several stations appealed the government's decision, but only four of them were finally granted licenses, one of which was Al-Manar. On 18 September, the Lebanese Cabinet decided to grant Al-Manar a license after having been requested to do so by then Syrian president Hafiz al-Asad. Al-Manar received the license in July 1997.[18]

According to media scholars including Muhammad Muhsen and Orayb Aref Najjar, it started in this period to embed journalists with Hezbollah fighters, showing video of Israeli casualties, and including Hebrew so Israeli viewers could follow, with the aim of sowing fear among Israeli viewers.[19][20][1]

On 24/25 June 1999 the IAF launched two massive air raids across Lebanon. One of the targets was the al-Manar radio station's offices in a four storey building in Baalbek which was completely demolished. The attacks also hit Beirut's power stations and bridges on the roads to the south. An estimated $52 million damage was caused. Eleven Lebanese were killed as well as two Israelis in Kiryat Shmona. [21]

Satellite broadcasting

[edit]

During the 1990s, the popularity of satellite broadcasting greatly increased in the Arab world and in Lebanon. The first Lebanese station to use this technology was Future Television, launching Future International SAT in 1994, while LBCI and the Lebanese government followed by launching LBCSAT and Tele Liban Satellite respectively. In order to compete with these emerging stations, and in order to find an international audience, Al-Manar announced its intention to launch a satellite channel on 9 March 2000. Muhammad Ra'd, a Hezbollah member of parliament and al-Manar's largest shareholder, submitted the request to the minister of transmission, which was approved in April 2000. Although the launch of the satellite station was originally planned for July, the date was moved up in order to coincide with the end of the Israeli occupation of South Lebanon on 25 May. This success led other television stations to follow in launching satellite stations, including Murr TV in November 2000, but it was shut down for "violating an election law prohibiting propaganda" – a fate which al-Manar did not meet, although its programming was also considered propaganda by many analysts.[who?][citation needed] ArabSat, a leading communications satellite operator in the Middle East, headquartered in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, was at first wary about collaborating with al-Manar, because of the station's Shi'a agenda[citation needed] – the two companies agreed, however, that the programming would be adapted to the pan-Arab audience, leading to a slight difference between the local broadcast and the one via satellite. At first, only three hours of satellite programming were broadcast per day, but by December 2000, the station was broadcasting around the clock.[22]

The timing of the satellite launch - covering the Israeli withdrawal and also the start of the Second Intifada - boosted its audience in the Arab world.[23]

Al-Manar was soon carried by many satellite providers. However, starting with the removal of the station from TARBS World TV in Australia in 2003, many satellite television providers stopped featuring it. Until then the station was featured by the following providers at one time or another:

According to the BBC on 26 July 2006, Al-Manar had three satellite signals:[25]

  • ArabSat 2B at 30.5 degrees east
  • Badr 3 at 26 degrees east
  • NileSat 102 at 7 degrees west

By 2004, Al Manar was estimated to hold 10-15 million viewers daily worldwide.[26][8] By 2009, al-Manar was watched by some 18 million people globally.[27]

2000s: Israeli attacks and global growth

[edit]

During the 2006 Lebanon War, the channel was continuously struck by missiles during Israeli air raids. The Israeli Air Force attacks on 13 July 2006 led to injury of three employees.[28][29] The attack on Al-Manar's facilities shortly followed another strike against the Rafic Hariri International Airport in Beirut earlier that morning. Despite the attack, the station remained on air, broadcasting from undisclosed locations.[30] The IDF bombed Al-Manar's Beirut complex again on 16 July causing fire in the complex and surrounding buildings. The station's signal disappeared briefly several times, then continued normal programming.[31]

Human Rights Watch said the bombing of media outlets violates international law when they are not being used for military purposes ("it is unlawful to attack facilities that merely shape civilian opinion; neither directly contributes to military operations").[32] The incident was condemned by the International Federation of Journalists.[33] The Israel Association of Journalists withdrew from the federation in response, claiming that Al-Manar employees "are not journalists, they are terrorists".[34][35] The New York based Committee to Protect Journalists, also expressed alarm over the incident as "it (Al-Manar) does not appear based on a monitoring of its broadcasts today to be serving any discernible military function, according to CPJ's analysis."[36]

The Israeli bombing increased the station's popularity:

With other channels turning to Al Manar for the latest line from Hizbullah, it could set the regional news agenda and bring viewers to its extensive coverage of the war. Indeed, purely by staying on air, Al Manar could claim a success. According to Israel's Market Research, the channel's popularity rankings in the Middle East leapt from 83rd to the 10th slot between July 15 and 28. This meant a substantial increase to the estimated 10 million people that tune in daily to its terrestrial and satellite channels in normal times.[30]

By the end of the 2000s, as well as TV broadcasts in Arabic, Hebrew, French and English, the station's website was available in Spanish as well.[8]

2013 Bahrain crisis

[edit]

Iranian-backed Shia groups were involved in demonstrations starting in mid-2011 (as part of the "Arab Spring") against Bahrain's ruling Sunni oligarchy, and al-Manar backed these demonstrations and condemned the government repression of them. In late December 2013, the Lebanese Communication Group that includes Al-Manar apologised for its partisan coverage of the events at a meeting of the Arab States Broadcasting Union. In response, Hebollah forced the Director General of the station, Abdallah Qasir or Kassir (a former MP of Hezbollah’s Loyalty to the Resistance parliamentary bloc), to resign. He went to Iran.[37][38][39]

2020s

[edit]
See also: Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) and Attacks on journalists during the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)

According to Orayb Aref Najjar, after the US assassination of Qasem Soleimani, leader of the Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps on January 3, 2020, "Al-Manar went on a daily attack on U.S. policy on Iran and the region, promising revenge."[19]

Al-Manar translates its content into Spanish for circulation in Latin America.[40]

On 25 October 2023, as the 2023 Israel-Hamas war spread to southern Lebanon, Al-Manar reported that its camera operator, Wissam Qassim, was killed in an Israeli airstrike on Hasbaiyya, southern Lebanon, alongside two employees of allied website Al Mayadeen, while they slept in chalets used by journalists.[41][42][43]

Content

[edit]

Al-Manar's programming is diverse, including music shows, children's programmes and news. The Washington Post, said in 2004 that "It heavily covers events involving the Palestinians, and it shows militants setting off explosives and shooting at Israelis and American troops, often to musical accompaniment." Citing the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, the Post said it often features Islamic sacred texts and images of martyrdom.[44] According to the Washington Institute's 2004 analysis, it consists of 25% music videos and fillers, 25% series and dramas, 25% talk shows, and finally 25% news and family shows.[45] A 2007 analysis described 65% of its content as entertainment and 35% as political.[30]

Programs

[edit]

The news programming includes much footage from the international press. Additionally, as of early 2004, the station subscribed to wire services including Reuters, Associated Press (AP), Agence France Presse, and Deutsche Presse Agentur. As of 2004, the station airs eight news bulletins a day in Arabic in addition to one in English and one in French.[46] AP severed ties with the station shortly after this.[24]

Al-Manar primarily uses Iranian and Syrian government news agencies for news and documentaries.[19] It has had a formal co-operation agreement with IRNA since 2012.[47] On its websites it also republishes material verbatim from Russian state broadcaster RT.[48] It extensively screens Iranian films (which it sees as "culturally in harmony with Arab values and Al Manar’s mostly Shiite audience") and television series including soap operas, dubbed into (and later more often subtitled in) Modern Standard Arabic, as well as Syrian series.[19][3]

Several talk shows are regularly aired on al-Manar. According to Avi Jorisch of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, the best known of these is Beit al-ankabut (The Spider's House); its title alludes to a metaphor, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah often employs to describe Israel. It is dedicated to uncovering the "weakness of the Zionist entity", i.e. Israel. It attempts to convince the Arab world that Israel could easily be destroyed, for example, by an increase in the Arab population and the implementation of the Palestinian right of return.[49] Further talk shows include Hadith al-sa'a (Talk of the Hour), Matha ba'ad (What's Next?), Ma'al Hadath (With The Event), Bayna Kawsayn (Between The Brackets), Milafat (Files), Al-din wa al-hayat (Religion and Life), and Nun wa al-qalam (The 'Nun' and the Pen). Guests include well-known journalists, analysts, writers, Lebanese politicians, spokespersons of terrorist groups, and Islamic scholars, who then discuss current religious, political, and cultural, regional and global topics.[50]

Al-Manar often airs music videos and fillers in between full-length programs and during commercial breaks. Much of the music praises Hezbollah and its martyrs or the Palestinian intifada.[8] According to Jorisch, the music videos are generally dedicated to the following seven purposes: the promotion of the Hezbollah, highlighting the importance of armed resistance against Israel, the glorification of martyrdom, spreading of anti-Americanism, denunciation of Israel and Zionism as the embodiments of terrorism, the appeals for the destruction of Israel, and the depiction of the future of Arab youths.[51] The videos are on average three minutes long. The videos are usually professionally produced by the station itself and each usually takes about three to four days to make.[51] The filler material usually consists of appeals to donate money to the Hezbollah, lists of demonstrations taking place worldwide, and slogans in English, Hebrew, or Arabic.[52]

The station also offers sports broadcasting such as the programs Goal and Tis'in daqiqa (Ninety Minutes), family programming such as Al-mustakshifoun al-judud (The New Explorers), Al-Muslimoun fi al-Sin (Muslims in China), and Ayday al-khayr (Hands of Benevolence), game shows including Al-mushahid shahid (The Viewer Is the Witness), where contestants attempt to guess the names of Israeli political and military figures, and Al-muhima (The Mission - a game show in the style of Who Wants to be a Millionaire but with questions on Arab and Islamic history and the victor winning a virtual trip to the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem[19])[1], and even a children's program called Al-manr al-saghir (The Little Manar), which is in the style of the US show Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood, targeting three- to seven-year-olds.[52]

During Ramadan, al-Manar features special programs, many of which are self-produced. In 2001, Izz al-Din al-Qassam: Qisat al-jihad wa al-muqawama (Izz al-Din al-Qassam: A Story of Jihad and Resistance), a four-part drama based on the life of Izz al-Din al-Qassam, an early-twentieth-century Arab, after whom the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades are named. The 2002 program Faris bi la jawad (A Knight without a Horse orThe Horseless Rider), which was produced by an Egyptian, was based on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, an old Russian antisemitic text claiming a conspiracy of Jews control the world.[53][54][55] The 29-part series Ash-Shatat (The Diaspora), which was aired in 2003, was also based on The Protocols[53] and produced in Syria; its screening on the channel led to the banning of al-Manar in France.[56]

The station archives the complete speeches of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, and those of Iranian leader Ali Khamenei.[19][30] It also promotes Hezbollah social services, for example showcasing public health initiatives.[8]

Stance

[edit]

According to The SAGE Encyclopedia of Journalism, "Al-Manar does not claim neutrality but bills itself as partisan to the cause of its constituents, initially, the disadvantaged and poor Shi’ia of [Lebanon's] South and the Beka’a valley; later expanded to include the Arab and Islamic worlds." Its adopted slogan is “The channel for Arabs and Muslims”.[19] According to Jorisch, the station manager Mohammad Afif Ahmad (later Hezbollah's head of media[57][58]), said in the 1990s that Al Manar belongs to Hezbollah culturally and politically.[59]

According to Jorisch, writing in National Review in 2004, Al-Manar's programming adopts a strongly anti-Israel and anti-US point of view. Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah often "calls for 'Death to America'" on the channel and the Statue of Liberty is depicted "as a ghoul, her gown dripping blood, a knife instead of a torch in her raised hand."[60][61] According to Orayb Aref Najjar, this stance is reflected in the language used, for instance calling the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) the "Israeli Occupation Forces" (IOF).

Its Hot Topics section lists “The Israeli Enemy” as a search category. Al-Manar calls fighters Israel killed martyrs. Hezbollah fighters often leave archived video wills that explain why they chose martyrdom. The station also archives short video clips of family members or friends of martyrs praising their sacrifice and explaining why it benefits the country. The station glorified its martyrs on Martyr Day on November 11, 2019, with a speech by Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah, and in song and resistance videos. [19]

According to German public television ARD 2023, al-Manar broadcasts calls for the destruction of Israel, such as statements from Hamas. Hashem Safieddine, chairman of the Hezbollah Executive Council, used the channel to warn US President Joe Biden, Israel's Prime Minister President Netanyahu and the "evil Europeans" about his organization.[62] ARD said that some of its content glorifies suicide bombers,[62] which was also noted in some early reports about the channel, although a 2006 analysis by the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies said that it was no longer screening this type of content.[63]

Al-Manar was once[when?] described[by whom?] as one of the channels, among other complex reasons, of the spread of Shiism in Syria in the years before 2009.[64] In a 2011 poll, 52% percent of Shia Lebanese identified Al Manar TV as their first choice for news, compared with only 4% of Sunnis and Druze and 1% of Christians.[65]

The station is also closely aligned to Iran. In 2015, Asharq Al-Awsat reported that Nasser Akhdar, a senior manager at al-Manar, was part of a Houthi delegation in peace talks relating to the Yemeni civil war.[66] A 2021 report by the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT), a conservative thinktank at Reichman University, noted that Farahat, now al-Manar CEO and a Hezbollah member is on the board of Tehran-based Islamic Radio and Television Union (IRTVU), described as a soft power operation for the Iranian state.[67]

Journalistic standards and restrictions

[edit]

According to Al Manar's news director, Hassan Fadlallah, Al Manar does not aim to be neutral in its broadcasting, "Neutrality like that of Al Jazeera is out of the question for us," Fadlallah said. "We cover only the victim, not the aggressor. CNN is the Zionist news network, Al Jazeera is neutral, and Al Manar takes the side of the Palestinians...He said Al Manar's opposition to neutrality means that, unlike Al Jazeera, his station would never feature interviews or comments by Israeli officials. "We're not looking to interview Sharon," Fadlallah said. "We want to get close to him in order to kill him."[26]

The Israeli government and its supporters have consequently lobbied Western governments to ban it, with Anti-Defamation League, CAMERA, the American Jewish Congress, the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies, American Israel Public Affairs Committee and the Middle East Media Research Institute all campaigning against it and taking credit for some successes in its deplatforming.[68][24] Their campaigning led to corporations such as Pepsi removing their ads from the station in the mid-2000s, costing it an estimated $2 million in revenue.[24]

Allegations of antisemitism and conspiracy theories

[edit]

9/11 Conspiracy theories

[edit]
See also: 9/11 conspiracy theories

Al-Manar was one of the sites that originated the myth that Israelis stayed home from the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 due to foreknowledge of the attacks, publishing the story on 17 September.[69][70]

Allegations of antisemitic programming

[edit]

In the past, Al-Manar TV has aired material deemed antisemitic by Reporters Without Borders as well as Jewish groups, including content based on "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion".[68][71][24][1] According to the Sage Encyclopedia of Journalism, "Al-Manar transmitted programs that included commentary accusing Jews of spreading AIDS, as well as a 26-part Syrian-produced series in which a Jewish man demanded the blood of a Christian child to bake Passover matza bread. Jewish groups in France and the United States had pressed for a ban."[68][71]

In 2004, the Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France (Crif) complained to France's Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (Higher Audio Visual Council, CSA) that scenes in the Syrian-made series, Al-Shatat (The Diaspora), which purported to depict the history of the Zionist movement, portrayed the killing of a Christian child by Jews to use the victim's blood.[71] On 13 December 2004, the French Conseil d'État, the highest administrative court in France, ordered the French-based Eutelsat Satellite organisation (owner of Hot Bird 4, which had transmitted the station) to shut down Al-Manar broadcasts.[72][73] Initially, Al-Manar defended Ash-Shatat as "purely factual",[2] and said that the French response was political and not legal, influenced by Israel and Jewish lobbies.[74] Later, however, "Al-Manar’s management apologized for airing the series, dropped it, and explained that the station had purchased it without first viewing the entire series, according to Franklin Lamb [in CounterPunch]."[68][71]

Covid conspiracies

[edit]

According to The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, al-Manar "condemned the United States for ‘using’ COVID-19 to ‘undermine’ its adversaries".[75][better source needed]

Restrictions

[edit]

Restrictions in the US

[edit]

Al-Manar was designated as a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist entity", and banned by the United States on 17 December 2004.[76][77] A US government spokesman said the decision was taken because of "its incitement of terrorist activity", and that anybody linked to Al-Manar would be refused a visa to enter the US or if present in the US would be subject to expulsion procedures. Al-Manar was also removed from the satellite provider in the US, Intelsat, and Globecast, the TV service that hosted its US programming.[78][44] Lebanon's ambassador to the United States, Farid Abboud, protested: "If you want simply to demonize or eliminate one side, you're not going to advance the issue. If you are going to focus on one side simply because of the political message, it's unacceptable and it's a grave breach of the freedom of speech.".[77] Reporters without Borders opposed the designation, saying "Some of the anti-Semitic statements broadcast on Al-Manar are inexcusable but putting this TV station in the same category as terrorist groups worries us and does not strike us as the best solution".[78][79]

In 2006, the US terrorist designation was extended to all Lebanon Media Group outlets, and its financial assets were frozen by the US Treasury.[30] The Treasury said al-Manar had provided support to Palestinian groups defined as terrorist by the US government, including by transfer of tens of millions of dollars to a charity linked to Palestinian Islamic Jihad.[80][24]

In May 2023, the US government sanctioned and took down a number of Hezbollah-related web domains, including that of Al-Manar TV, after Hezbollah was listed as a terrorist organization by the United States. Al Manar’s Lebanese domain (.lb) remained accessible.[81]

Broadcasting restrictions

[edit]

In October 2003, the Australian Broadcasting Authority (ABA) launched an investigation into it, leading to Al-Manar's suspension from the Television and Radio Broadcasting Services PTY (TARBS).[82][83] The investigation related to accusations that it "broadcast programs that are likely to incite or perpetuate hatred against or gratuitously vilify any person or group on the basis of their ethnicity, nationality, race or religion" and suspicions it might be in breach of Australian Federal anti-terrorism law. TARBS stopped broadcasting al-Manar on 5 November 2003, and went into receivership.[84][85] In August 2009, Al-Manar received approval for broadcast by the Australian Communications and Media Authority.[86][better source needed]

In November 2004, after the controversy in France about Al-Manar's broadcast of Ash-Shatat, the Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) entered into an agreement with the Lebanese Communication Group under which the channel would not air material that would not "respect the political, cultural and religious sensitivities of Europeans" and "not to broadcast programmes likely to cause problems with public order". Within days, the CSA deemed Al-Manar not to have met this, citing an interviewee accusing Israel of spreading AIDS in the Arab world in November 2004, and a clip “inciting violence” against Israel, leading to the removal of the channel from both Eustat and Arabsat.[87][44] French officials also cited other broadcasts saying Jews "seek children's blood to bake into Passover matzoh."[44][88] Other broadcasts cited by the CSA as racist incitement were "Flambeau sur la route de Jérusalem" and "Le Prince du paradis".[89]

After the U.S. Department of State placed Al-Manar on the Terrorist Exclusion List in December 2004, transmissions to North America via Intelsat's satellites were blocked.[77][90] Javed Iqbal, a resident of New York City, was the first person to charged under this law. He was charged by federal prosecutors with providing material support to a foreign terrorist organization by broadcasting Al Manar to American customers via his company HDTV, in exchange for thousands of dollars payment. In a 2008 plea bargain, he agreed to serve a prison term of up to 6+1⁄2 years. Saleh Elahwal, who also operated HDTV, was also charged and went on trial 5 January 2009.[91][92] Donna Lieberman, executive director of the New York Civil Liberties Union, says it's constitutional for the government to outlaw businesses with direct operational ties to terrorist organizations, and media outlets that directly incite and direct violent action, but in this case, the government is trying to stop the spread of ideas.[93] Mark Dubowitz, who founded the Coalition Against Terrorist Media in part to stop Al-Manar, said Al-Manar was "shouting fire in a crowded theater", although Lieberman disagreed with that metaphor.[93]

The lack of transmission from Intelsat had the effect of making Al-Manar unavailable in Canada[when?].[94][better source needed]

In 2005, the Dutch Media Authority "discovered that a satellite owned by New Skies Satellites was carrying Al-Manar and has ordered the company to stop doing so, because the channel did not have the required Dutch licence."[95][96]k[10][11] Spanish authorities banned the retransmission of Al-Manar by Hispasat on 30 June 2005 (which effectively prevents its reception not only in the Iberian peninsula but also in South America).[97][30] In August 2006, France Telecom's satellite provider Globecast removed the station from its Asiasat offer of channels.[30]

It was banned in Germany in 2008.[98][better source needed]

In 2013, Bahrain blocked its website.[99]

In 2015, Arabsat, a satellite operator majority-owned by Saudi Arabia, removed the station from its platform after Nasrallah blamed the Saudi government for a fatal stampede, at the hajj pilgrimage that year.[99]

Internet and social media

[edit]

The channel provides a live feed of its programming on the Internet through its website. This effectively circumvents the bans as Al-Manar is still available in all the areas it does not broadcast to via satellite.[citation needed]

Twitter removed its account in November 2019.[100]

On 22 June 2021, the official Al-Manar website domain as well as dozens of other Arab news network domains related to Iran, Lebanon and Syria were shut down by the government of the United States for spreading disinformation. It was also banned by multiple social media platforms including YouTube, Twitter, Instagram and Reddit.[101]

Broadcasting via illegal IPTV services and streaming devices

[edit]

According to a 2008 report by the security company NAGRA and the Digital Citizens Alliance, following an investigation into illegal IPTV services and illicit streaming devices, it indicated that 50% of these services include Al-Manar, making it available in countries where the channel has been banned due to links with Hezbollah.[102]

On October 26, 2020, the Digital Citizens Alliance released a video warning of terrorist content that could include several of these illegal services, including Al-Manar.[103]

Google and Apple applications

[edit]

On 25 July 2012, Al Manar launched an application through Apple's iTunes app store and Google Play. However, the application was removed from iTunes after four days and Google Play after six.[104][105] Maha Abouelenein, Head of Communications for the Mena at Google, subsequently stated that "We remove applications that violate our policies, such as apps that are illegal or that promote hate speech" although she added that "We don't comment on individual applications – however, you can check out our policies for more."[106]

According to MEMRI, Al Manar TV subsequently blamed "Israeli incitement against Al Manar TV" as the reason Al-Manar mobile apps were removed by Apple and Google. An Al-Manar TV reporter stated that: "Al Manar TV is once again targeted by America and Israel. The removal of the channel's mobile apps from the Google and Apple stores is a new attempt to curb Al-Manar's message of resistance.[107] According to MEMRI, Al Manar TV Director-General Abdallah Qasir stated that the removal of the apps "indicates that Al Manar TV has the ability to cause great harm to Israel, and that Israel is extremely annoyed by Al Manar becoming so widespread and by its great credibility. Israel cannot even bear to see the Al-Manar icon on smartphones." Abd Al-Hadi Mahfouz, president of the Lebanese National Media Council, also supported Al-Manar, arguing that: "This move contradicts all laws pertaining to radio and television, to the exercising of media liberties, and to the right of citizens, Western and Arab alike, to information." Rabi' Al-Ba'lbaki, the head of the Lebanese IT Association reportedly called for a boycott of Apple and Google if they do not restore service for Al-Manar's applications.[107]

According to the Anti-Defamation League, in a statement issued on 16 August 2012, Al Manar says it is "back on Ipad and Iphone applications via alternative ways, following the campaign carried out by the Jewish Anti-Defamation League to deactivate Al-Manar applications on smart phones at Google Play and apple store". To avoid distributor policies and control, the new applications were downloadable directly from Al-Manar's website, which was hosted by a British server.[108][109]

In March 2014, Al Manar relaunched their application in Apple's iTunes store under the name "LCG."[110] It launched a new iPhone app in 2016, called "Trust News".[111]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Usher, Sebastian (14 May 2004). "Hezbollah's Passion Play". BBC NEWS. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  2. ^ a b "US, Israel strongly oppose airing of new Ramadan TV series "Al Shatat"". Al Bawaba. 30 October 2003. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  3. ^ a b Maluf, Ramez (1 September 2005). "A Potential Untapped? Why Dubbing Has Not Caught on in the Arab World". Arab Media & Society. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  4. ^ Germany bans Hezbollah’s al-Manar TV Channel Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine 21 November 2008, Ya Libnan
  5. ^ "Lebanon media guide". BBC News. 24 August 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  6. ^ Elise Labott and Henry Schuster (2006). "Lebanese media outlets' assets blocked". CNN.
  7. ^ BR, Sabina Wolf. ""Al-Manar TV": Islamistische Propaganda über deutsche Server". tagesschau.de (in German). Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Friberg Lyme, Rune; Danish Institute for International Studies (2009). Hizb'allah's communication strategy: making friendns and intimidating enemies = Marskalstaven (PDF). Kopenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies. ISBN 978-87-7605-329-1.
  9. ^ "Commission of the European Communities" (PDF). Wales. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  10. ^ a b Radio Netherlands Worldwide Blog Iranian commentator reacts to Dutch ban on two satellite TV stations Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 30 July 2006
  11. ^ a b Radio Netherlands Worldwide Blog Two Islamic TV stations banned in the Netherlands Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 30 July 2006
  12. ^ ABA News Release NR 135/2004 22 October 2004 ABA investigation into Al Manar programming on TARBS Retrieved 15 August 2006
  13. ^ "Cable broadcaster under investigation by ABA". ABC Australia. 14 November 2003.
  14. ^ Clarke, Colin P. (19 September 2017). "How Hezbollah Came to Dominate Information Warfare". RAND. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  15. ^ Zahera Harb (2011). Channels of Resistance in Lebanon: Liberation Propaganda, Hezbollah and the Media. I.B.Tauris. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-84885-120-7.
  16. ^ a b Jorisch (2004), p. 26
  17. ^ Jorisch (2004), pp. 26–27
  18. ^ Jorisch (2004), pp. 23–25
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h Najjar 2022, p. 85.
  20. ^ Cochrane, Paul (7 March 2007). "Bombs and broadcasts: Al Manar's battle to stay on air". Arab Media & Society. Retrieved 17 November 2024. Al Manar correspondents ran the gauntlet to cover the conflict in the South and the Bekaa. "It [Al-Manar] fought alongside the fighters ... fielding a unique experience of tenacity with great commitment," wrote George Hayek, a TV columnist for Lebanese newspaper An-Nahar. "Its employees were like the soldiers on the battlefield," he added.
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  29. ^ IFEX. 'Israeli forces strike Al-Manar TV facilities, 14 July 2006.
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  41. ^ Bay, Web (7 October 2023). "Lebanon: Eight journalists and media workers killed since the war started in Gaza / IFJ". IFJ. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
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  43. ^ Christou, William (25 October 2024). "Three journalists killed by Israeli airstrike in southern Lebanon". the Guardian. Retrieved 21 November 2024. The strikes hit a group of small chalets that 18 journalists from at least seven different media outlets – including Al Jazeera, Sky News Arabia and TRT – were staying in while covering the Israel-Hezbollah war in south Lebanon. Several cars with "Press" signs on them were parked in front of the site. Wissam Qassem, a camera operator with Al-Manar, and Al Mayadeen's Ghassan Najjar, a correspondent, and Mohammad Reda, a technician, were killed in the strike. Al-Manar is a Hezbollah media outlet and Al Mayadeen is a pro-Hezbollah outlet, but rights groups have said political affiliation does not make journalists a legitimate target. Journalists are considered civilians under international humanitarian law and deliberately targeting them is a war crime. The killings were condemned by Lebanon's minister of information, Ziad Makary, who called the attack a war crime.
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  48. ^ Schafer, Bret (30 May 2024). "The Russian Propaganda Nesting Doll: How RT is Layered Into the Digital Information Environment". GMFUS. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
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  55. ^ Vidal, Dominique (1 May 2004). "Anti-semitism in the Arab world". Le Monde diplomatique. Retrieved 21 November 2024. The Horseless Rider, caused a stir; in it a virtual horseman slays the Zionist dragon and denounces a "Jewish conspiracy against Palestine" inspired by the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
  56. ^ Weinberg, David Andrew (6 August 2021). "Proven false 100 years ago, antisemitic 'Protocols' document is still being exploited". Arab News. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
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  61. ^ Cochrane, Paul (7 March 2007). "Bombs and broadcasts: Al Manar's battle to stay on air". Arab Media & Society. Retrieved 16 November 2024. the channel has garnered the disdain of the American government due to its close links with Hizbullah and the anti-American position the channel has adopted, rarely failing to point out incongruities in US claims of fighting for 'freedom' and 'democracy' in the so-called 'war on terror.' Some video montages designed to lambaste the US in the past have included an artist's impression of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty's face replaced by a skull and her torch dripping blood) next to scrolling text in Arabic listing off every country the US has invaded or had military involvement in since 1945.
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  71. ^ a b c d Cochrane, Paul (7 March 2007). "Bombs and broadcasts: Al Manar's battle to stay on air". Arab Media & Society. Retrieved 17 November 2024. The show, which claimed to depict the history of the Zionist movement, stoked widespread condemnation by portraying the killing of a Christian child by Jews to use the victim's blood to make matzoh bread... Al Manar said it erred in showing two episodes in the series and is appealing the ban in France.
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  73. ^ EU, Brussels, 17 March 2005 EU Rules and Principles on Hate Broadcasts: Frequently Asked Questions Retrieved 26 July 2006
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Bibliography

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Further reading

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