Agent-general

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This article is about the quasi-diplomatic post. For the clerical representatives in the Kingdom of France, see Agent-General of the French Clergy. For the official overseeing emigration from Britain (1837–1840), see Agent General for Emigration.

The plaque of the Agent General for British Columbia in London

An agent-general is the representative in cities abroad of the government of a Canadian province or an Australian state and, historically, also of a British colony in Jamaica, Nigeria, Canada, Malta, South Africa, Australia or New Zealand and subsequently, of a Nigerian region. Australia's and Canada's federal governments are represented by high commissions, as are all Commonwealth national governments today.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, a growing number of British colonies appointed agents in Great Britain and Ireland and occasionally elsewhere in Europe to promote immigration to the colonies. Eventually, agents-general were appointed by some colonies to represent their commercial, legal, and diplomatic interests in Britain and to the British government and Whitehall.[1] They were appointed, and their expenses and salaries provided, by the governments of the colonies they represented.[2]

Starting in 1886, Quebec and the federal Canadian government also appointed agents-general to Paris. The first, Hector Fabre, was dispatched by the province of Quebec but was asked by the federal government to represent all of Canada. He and his successor, Philippe Roy, continued to represent both Quebec City and Ottawa in France until 1912 when the federal government asked Roy to resign his Quebec position to avoid conflicts of interest. Canadian provinces have also appointed agents-general (called delegates-general by Quebec beginning in the 1970s) to other countries and major cities.

Following a military coup in Nigeria in 1966, the federal system was abolished, and the posts of the agents-general of Nigerian regions in London were subsumed in the Nigerian High Commission.

By the 1990s, some Australian state governments regarded the office of their agent-general in London as a costly anachronism, even for promoting tourism and investment, and have since been closed and subsumed into the Australian High Commission. The majority of Australian states continue to have agents-general in London, but operate from Australia House rather than maintain separate premises.

Many Canadian provinces similarly are no longer represented by an agent-general, although Quebec continues to have a Government Office in London (Délégation générale du Québec à Londres) and in several other cities around the world. Ontario, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba have representatives who work out of the Canadian Embassy in Washington, DC.[3]

Australia[edit]

Agents-general for New South Wales[edit]

Main article: Agent-General for New South Wales
This section is an excerpt from Agent-General for New South Wales § History.[edit]

The New South Wales Office in London was one of several overseas offices established by the colonies of Australia to represent their interests. The London Office was established after the appointment of the first Agent-General on 1 May 1864. In June 1932, the Agent-General's Office was abolished as a cost-cutting measure and was replaced by the New South Wales Government Offices, London, to be headed by an "Official Representative".[4] The title was renamed Agent-General in 1937, but was left vacant from 1939 to 1946 due to the Second World War. From 1972 to 1993, the Agent-General's Office was located in separate premises from Australia House, at the nearby address of 66 The Strand, which was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in May 1972.[5][6]

In October 1992, the position of NSW Agent-General in London was abolished by the Fahey government. This occurred following an expenses scandal by the last Agent-General, Neil Pickard, who had been appointed as a consolation for losing his seat in parliament.[7] Following its abolition, Fahey noted to Parliament: "It was abundantly clear to me, to all Cabinet and to all Government that we no longer needed an agent-general's office in London. That was a throwback to colonial days - to the days when it was important to have garden parties and to participate in ceremonies. Quite frankly, little or no benefit accrued to New South Wales by participating in such a process."[8] The Agent-General's Office was replaced by the NSW Government Trade and Investment Office, London, which had no ceremonial function, but focused on the promotion of investment and trade in the UK and Europe.[9] The NSW Government of Gladys Berejiklian considered reviving the Agent-General position in late-2019, noting that "We know the post-Brexit environment is going to be very different and NSW can gain a lot of opportunities in business from the UK".[10][11]

The position was revived in 2021, with an expanded remit to additionally cover Europe and Israel.[12]

Agents-general for Queensland[edit]

Agent-general Years
John Douglas 1869–1870
Archibald Archer 1870–1872
Richard Daintree 1872–1876
Arthur Macalister 1876–1881
Thomas Archer 1881–1885
William Hemmant (acting) 1885–1885
Sir James Garrick 1885–1888
Thomas Archer 1888–1890
Sir James Garrick 1890–1895
Charles Shortt Dicken (acting)[13] 2 October 1895 – 31 October 1895
Sir Thomas McIlwraith (acting)[14] 31 October 1895 – 25 November 1896
Sir Henry Wylie Norman[15][16] 1896–1897
Charles Shortt Dicken (acting) 29 December 1897 – 1898
Sir Horace Tozer 2 March 1898 – 1909
Thomas Bilbe Robinson 1910–1919
John McEwan Hunter 1 January 1920 – 1922
John Arthur Fihelly 8 February 1922–1924
John Huxham 1 August 1924 – 31 July 1929[17]
Edward Henry Macartney 1 August 1929 – 14 August 1931
Leonard Henry Pike 14 August 1931 – 30 September 1951
Sir David Muir 3 October 1951 – 9 January 1964
Sir William Summerville 1 April 1964 – 1970
Sir Peter Delamothe 1971–1973
N. C. Sweeney (acting) 1973–1974
Sir Wallace Rae 6 December 1974–1980
G. W. Swan (acting) August 1980 – March 1981
John H. Andrews April 1981 – September 1984
John F. S. Brown September 1984 – March 1988
Tom McVeigh April 1988 – January 1991
Ray T. Anderson June 1991 – September 1995
Dermot McManus February 1996 – October 2000
Ray Kelly (acting) October 2000 – April 2001
John Dawson April 2001 – September 2007
Ross Buchanan (acting) October 2007 – April 2008
Andrew Hugh Craig April 2008 – June 2011
Ken Smith July 2011 – May 2017
Linda Apelt 20 July 2017 – March 2021
David Stewart 15 March 2021 - present[18]

Agents-general for South Australia[edit]

Agents-general for Tasmania[edit]

  • Hon Adye Douglas (later Sir, Kt), 1886–1887
  • Sir Arthur Blyth (acting), 1887–1888
  • James Arndell Youl CMG (later Sir, KCMG) (acting), 1888
  • Hon Edward Braddon, (later Right Hon Sir, PC KCMG), 1888–1893
  • Sir Robert Herbert, 1893–1896
  • Sir Andrew Clarke (acting), 1896
  • Sir Westby Perceval, 1896–1898
  • Sir Andrew Clarke (acting), 1898–1899
  • Hon Sir Philip Oakley Fysh, KCMG, 1899–1901
  • Sir Andrew Clarke (acting), 1901
  • Hon Alfred Dobson, CMG, 1901–1908
  • Sir John McCall, KCMG, Kt., 1909–1919
  • Alfred Henry Ashbolt (later Sir, Kt), 1919–1924
  • Lieut.-Colonel R. Eccles Snowden (later Sir, Kt), 1924–1930
  • Darcy W. Addison, CMG, ISO, MVO, 1930–1931
  • Herbert W. Ely, ISO (acting), 1931–1937
  • Hon Sir Claude Ernest Weymouth James, Kt, 1937–1950
  • Sir Eric E. von Bibra, Kt, OBE 1950–1958
  • Hon Sir Alfred J White, Kt 1959–1971
  • Royce R. Neville, 1971–1978
  • Hon Bill Neilson AC, 1978–1981

Agents-general for Victoria[edit]

Agents-general for Western Australia[edit]

Canada[edit]

Agents-general for Canada[edit]

to the United Kingdom
to France

Agents-general for Alberta[edit]

Agents-general for British Columbia[edit]

Agents-general for Manitoba[edit]

  • Anthony John McMillan (c. 1890–1900)
  • R. Murray Armstrong (1955–1963)[27][28]

As it was difficult to compete with larger provinces like Ontario and Quebec, the province of Manitoba decided to leave trade promotion to the federal government and accordingly recalled their agent-general in 1965 without appointing a replacement.[29]

Agents-general for New Brunswick[edit]

Agents-general for Nova Scotia[edit]

Agents-general for Ontario[edit]

to the United Kingdom
  • Southworth (1908–?)
  • Richard Reid (1913–1916) Died in office
  • Brigadier-General Manley R. Sims (1918–1920)
  • G. C. Creelman (1920–1921)
  • William C. Noxon (1921–1934)
  • vacant (1934–1944)
  • James S. P. Armstrong (1944–1967)
  • Allan Rowan-Legg (1968–1972)
  • Ward Cornell (1972–1978)
  • W. Ross DeGeer (1978–1985)
  • Thomas Leonard Wells (1985–1992)
  • Robert Nixon (1992–1994)
  • Sophia Arvanitis (2021-present)[35]
to Asia-Pacific
  • Tim (Thomas E.) Armstrong (1986-1990)
to France
to Japan
to New York City

Agents-general for Prince Edward Island[edit]

  • Harrison Watson (1902–?)[36]

Agents-general for Quebec[edit]

Further information: Quebec Government Offices

Quebec uses the title agent-general or delegate-general. In 1936, legislation was passed by the government of Maurice Duplessis closing all Quebec government offices abroad. The government of Adélard Godbout repealed the legislation and opened an office in New York City in 1940. When Duplessis returned to power in 1944, his government retained the New York City office and its agent-general but opened no others. In the early 1960s, the government of Jean Lesage began to open additional offices abroad appointing in Paris (1961), London (1962), Rome and Milan (1965) and subsequent governments opened offices in Chicago (1969), Boston, Lafayette, Dallas and Los Angeles (1970), Munich and Berlin (1971), Brussels (1972), Atlanta (1977), Washington (1978), Mexico City and Tokyo (1980), Beijing and Santiago (1998), Shanghai and Barcelona (1999), Mumbai (2007), São Paulo (2008) and Moscow (2012).[37] In 1971, the title of agent-general was officially changed to delegate-general although previous title is still often used, particularly for the government's representative to London.

As of 2024, the Government of Quebec has 35 offices abroad, including 9 delegates-general.[38]

to the United Kingdom
to France
  • Hector Fabre (1882–1910)[49]
  • Philippe Roy (1911–1912)
  • vacant (1912–1961)[37]
  • Charles Lussier (1961–1964)[50]
  • Jean Chapdelaine (delegate general) (1964–1976)
  • François Cloutier (delegate general) (1976–1977)
  • Jean Deschamps (delegate general) (1977–1979)
  • Yves Michaud (delegate general) (1979–1984)
  • Louise Beaudoin (delegate general) (1984–1985)
  • Claude Pug (delegate general) (1985–1986)
  • Jean-Louis Roy (delegate general) (1986–1990)
  • Marcel Bergeron (delegate general) (1990–1991)
  • André Dufour (delegate general) (1991–1994)
  • Claude Pug (delegate general) (1994–1995)
  • Marcel Masse (delegate general) (1995–1997)
  • Michel Lucier (delegate general) (1997–2000)
  • Clément Duhaime (delegate general) (2000–2005)
  • Wilfrid-Guy Licari (delegate general) (2005–2010)
  • Michel Robitaille (delegate general) (2010–present)
to Belgium
to Germany (Munich)
  • Claude Trudelle (delegate general) (as of 2016)[48]
to Japan
  • Claire Deronzier (delegate general) (2013–present)[48]
to Mexico
to the United States (New York City)
  • Charles Chartier (1940–1967)
  • Jean-Marc Roy (1967–1969)
  • Général Jean V. Allard (1969–1971)
  • Guy Poliquin (1971–1977)
  • Marcel Bergeron (delegate general) (1977–1980)
  • Richard Pouliot (delegate general) (1980–1982)
  • Raymond Gosselin (delegate general) (1982–1984)
  • Rita Dionne-Marsolais (delegate general) (1984–1987)
  • Léo Paré (delegate general) (1987–1992)
  • Reed Scowen (delegate general) (1992–1994)
  • Kevin Drummond (delegate general) (1994–1997)
  • David Levine (delegate general) (1997–1998)
  • Diane Wilhelmy (delegate general) (1998–2002)
  • Michel Robitaille (delegate general) (2002–2007)
  • Bruno Fortier (delegate general) (2007–2008)
  • Robert Keating (delegate general) (2008–2009)
  • John Parisella (delegate general) (2009–2012)
  • André Boisclair (delegate general) (2012–2013)
  • Dominique Poirier (delegate general) (2013–2014)
  • Jean-Claude Lauzon (delegate general) (2014–present)[48]

Agents-general for Saskatchewan[edit]

Jamaica[edit]

Source: Historic Jamaica.[53]

  • 1664–1666: Sir James Modyford
  • 1682–?: Sir Charles Lyttelton
  • William Beeston
  • 1688: Ralph Knight
  • Gilbert Heathcote
  • 1693–1704: Bartholomew Gracedieu
  • 1714: P. Marsh
  • 1725: Alexander Stephenson
  • 1725–1726: Edward Charlton
  • 1728–1733: Charles de la Foy
  • 1733: John Gregory
  • 1733–1757: John Sharpe
  • 1757–1762: Lovell Stanhope (MP for Winchester)
  • 1764–1795: Stephen Fuller
  • 1795–1803: Robert Sewell
  • 1803–1812: Edmund Pusey Lyon
  • 1812–1831: George Hibbert
  • 1831–1845: William Burge
  • 1845 Office abolished

Malta[edit]

With the granting of responsible self-government to Malta in 1921, a proposal of the government of Lord Strickland to appoint an agent-general to "encourage the migration of Maltese to the Northern Territory and north-west Australia" was presented to the parliament. Strickland, who was Governor of Western Australia (1909–1913) suggested former Colonial Secretary and Agent-General of Western Australia in London, Sir James Connolly.[54] The position was discontinued with the suspension of the constitution in November 1933 and was replaced by a Trade Commissioner, who was in turn replaced by a Commissioner-General in 1947.[55]

Agents-General Years Notes
Sir James Connolly 30 January 1929 – 23 December 1932 [56][57]
Constantine John Colombos (acting) 23 December 1932 – 2 November 1933 [58]

South Africa[edit]

Prior to the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, the four constituent British colonies of southern Africa all sent agents-general to London, coinciding with the establishment of responsible self-government in each colony.

Agent-general for the Orange River Colony[edit]

The Orange River Colony sent an agent-general from 1908 until the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910. Brounger was a former Director of the Orange Free State Railways.

Agents-General Years Notes
Richard Ernest Brounger August 1908 – 31 May 1910 [59]

Agent-general for the Transvaal Colony[edit]

The Transvaal Colony sent an agent-general from the establishment of responsible self-government in 1907 until the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910. Solomon then served as the first South African High Commissioner in London from 1910 to 1913.

Agents-General Years Notes
Sir Richard Solomon 3 May 1907 – 31 May 1910 [60][61][62]

Agents-general for the Cape Colony[edit]

The Cape Colony sent separate agents-general until the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910.

Agents-General Years Notes
Sir Charles Mills October 1882 – 31 March 1895 [63]
Sir David Tennant 1896 – 31 December 1901 [64][65]
Sir Thomas Ekins Fuller 1 January 1902 – 31 December 1907 [66]
Sir Somerset Richard French 1 January 1908 – 31 May 1910 [67]

Agents-general for Natal[edit]

The Colony of Natal sent separate agents-general until the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910.

Agents-General Years Notes
Sir Walter Peace December 1893 – 28 January 1904 [68]
Sir William Arbuckle 1 November 1904 – November 1909 [69][70][71]
Robert C. Russell (acting) November 1909 – 31 May 1910 [72][73][74]

New Zealand[edit]

Main article: List of high commissioners of New Zealand to the United Kingdom

After 1905 the position of Agent-General was replaced by that of High Commissioner, with the final Agent-General becoming the first High Commissioner.

Agents-General Years Notes
Isaac Featherston 1871 – 19 June 1876 [75]
W. Tyrone Power (acting) 1876 [76]
Sir Julius Vogel 1876–1880
Sir Dillon Bell 1880–1891
Sir Westby Perceval 1891–1895 [77]
William Pember Reeves 1895–1905

Nigerian regions[edit]

Signing the visitors' book at Nigeria House with Arthur Prest (left) and Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (right)

The First Nigerian agents-general to the United Kingdom were appointed in December 1959 and include:

  • Northern Region: Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu
  • Eastern Region: Jonah Chinyere Achara
  • Western Region: Chief Akitoye Emmanuel Coker

The last Nigerian Agent-Generals in London were:

  • Northern Region: Baba Gana
  • Eastern Region: A. Ekukinam-Bassey
  • Western Region: Prince Delphus Adebayo Odubanjo
  • Mid-West Region: Josiah A.P. Oki

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ MacLaren, Roy (1 January 2006). Commissions High: Canada in London, 1870–1971. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 9780773560123.
  2. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Agent-General". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 374.
  3. ^ "Ontario Appoints New Representative in Washington". Office of the Premier. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  4. ^ "Agency-General". The Sydney Morning Herald. 22 June 1932. p. 13. Retrieved 16 February 2018 – via Trove.
  5. ^ "People and Fashion". The Australian Women's Weekly. 14 June 1972. p. 13. Retrieved 16 February 2018 – via Trove.
  6. ^ New South Wales (1972), A House in the Strand : a history of the site of New South Wales House, New South Wales Govt, retrieved 16 February 2018
  7. ^ "Greiner admits broken promise on plum London post". The Canberra Times. 29 March 1991. p. 3. Retrieved 16 February 2018 – via Trove.
  8. ^ Fahey, John; Carr, Bob (3 May 1994). "Former Agent-General Neil Pickard". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). New South Wales: Legislative Assembly. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  9. ^ "NSW Government Trade and Investment Office, London". Archives Investigator – Agency Detail. NSW Government State Records. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  10. ^ Risso, Angelo (1 September 2019). "NSW could revive UK agent-general role". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  11. ^ Smith, Alexandra (1 September 2019). "'Throwback to colonial days': NSW considering reinstating plum posting in London". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  12. ^ Government of New South Wales. "NSW Agent General to boost business networks in UK, Europe and Israel". NSW Government. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  13. ^ "AGENT-GENERAL FOR QUEENSLAND". The Australian Star. No. 2392. New South Wales, Australia. 4 October 1895. p. 6. Retrieved 15 February 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  14. ^ "THE AGENT-GENERAL OF QUEENSLAND". South Australian Register. Vol. LX, no. 15, 280. South Australia. 2 November 1895. p. 5. Retrieved 15 February 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  15. ^ "Sir Henry Wylie Norman". Australian Town and Country Journal. Vol. LIII, no. 1400. New South Wales, Australia. 5 December 1896. p. 20. Retrieved 15 February 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  16. ^ "Queensland Agent-General". Evening News. No. 9536. New South Wales, Australia. 29 December 1897. p. 5. Retrieved 15 February 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  17. ^ Lack, Clem (1967). "Some Agents-General: Horace Tozer and those who followed him" (PDF). 8 (2). Retrieved 23 September 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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  20. ^ "Ex-minister quits parliament to be Marshall's man in London". InDaily. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
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  22. ^ "No. 32095". The London Gazette. 22 October 1920. p. 10197.
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  24. ^ "Correspondence with Alberta House" (PDF). Mountain View County. 11 March 1966. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
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  28. ^ "Evans Names Additional Asst. Deputy Minister: Armstrong Responsible for Trade and Industry Group" (PDF) (Press release). Government of Manitoba. 24 March 1972. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  29. ^ Hilliker & Barry 1995, p. 321.
  30. ^ "Maj. John Howard is Dead in London". Montreal Gazette. 6 March 1929. p. 11. Retrieved 26 September 2016 – via Google News.
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  33. ^ "Daughter succeeds father as acting Agent General for Nova Scotia, first woman to occupy post". Getty Images. 11 March 1929. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  34. ^ Blatherwick, John. "Awards to the Royal Canadian Navy (P)". Royal Canadian Navy in World War II. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  35. ^ "Ontario Newsroom". news.ontario.ca. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  36. ^ "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36784. London. 3 June 1902. p. 9.
  37. ^ a b c Reuchamps, Min (17 December 2014). Minority Nations in Multinational Federations: A Comparative Study of Quebec and Wallonia. Routledge. p. 168. ISBN 9781317634720.
  38. ^ "Québec government offices abroad". Government of Quebec. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
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  55. ^ The Colonial Office List, H.M. Stationery Office, 1964, page 194
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  60. ^ "GENERAL CABLE NEWS". The Age. Victoria, Australia. 4 May 1907. p. 13. Retrieved 11 April 2020 – via Trove.
  61. ^ "GENERAL CABLE NEWS". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 26 March 1907. p. 7. Retrieved 10 April 2020 – via Trove.
  62. ^ "SECOND EDITION. The King's Birthday. Presentation of the Cullinan Diamond". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 11 November 1907. p. 5. Retrieved 10 April 2020 – via Trove.
  63. ^ Harris, Charles Alexander (1901). "Mills, Charles (1825-1895)" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). Vol. 3. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 175–176.
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  65. ^ "No. 26980". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 June 1898. p. 3853.
  66. ^ Hillier, Alfred Peter (1912). "Fuller, Thomas Ekins" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 59–60.
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  68. ^ "SOUTH AFRICAN NOTES". The Australian Star. New South Wales, Australia. 27 December 1893. p. 6. Retrieved 11 April 2020 – via Trove.
  69. ^ "AN ECHO OF LADYSMITH". Sunday Times. New South Wales, Australia. 19 December 1909. p. 16. Retrieved 11 April 2020 – via Trove.
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  71. ^ The Natal Who's Who (PDF). Durban: The Natal Who's Who Publishing Company. 1906. p. 16.
  72. ^ "FOR THE BUSY MAN". Tasmanian News. Tasmania, Australia. 10 December 1909. p. 1. Retrieved 11 April 2020 – via Trove.
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  74. ^ Keltie, J. Scott, ed. (1910). The Statesman's Year-Book 1910. London: Macmillan & Co. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-230-27039-8.
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Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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