Timeline of biotechnology

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The historical application of biotechnology throughout time is provided below in chronological order.

These discoveries, inventions and modifications are evidence of the application of biotechnology since before the common era and describe notable events in the research, development and regulation of biotechnology.

Before Common Era[edit]

Pre-20th century[edit]

20th century[edit]

21st century[edit]

  • 2001 – Celera Genomics and the Human Genome Project create a draft of the human genome sequence. It is published by Science and Nature Magazine.
  • 2002 – Rice becomes the first crop to have its genome decoded.
  • 2003 – The Human Genome Project is completed, providing information on the locations and sequence of human genes on all 46 chromosomes.
  • 2004 – Addgene launches.
  • 2008 – Japanese astronomers launch the first Medical Experiment Module called "Kibō", to be used on the International Space Station.
  • 2010-Over the past two decades, a considerable focus has been directed toward creating sustainable alternatives for petroleum-based fuels, chemicals, and materials. Major players in the chemical industry, such as BASF, DSM, BP, and Total, have initiated significant projects and collaborations in metabolic engineering. Additionally, various startups have emerged with the goal of pioneering new bio-based processes for sustainable chemicals. Despite advancements in establishing large-scale processes, the overall impact on transitioning the chemical industry from petroleum-based to bio-based has been limited. For instance, efforts to engineer microbial production of succinic acid have faced challenges, leading to the termination or minimal-scale production of related research and commercial activities. Out of the chemicals listed by the US Department of Energy, only lactic acid and itaconic acid have achieved industrial-scale production. Lactic acid, added to the list in 2010 after large-scale production was established, currently holds a market value exceeding US$2.5 billion, primarily used in the production of polylactate.[5]
  • 2009 – Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute uses modified SAN heart genes to create the first viral pacemaker in guinea pigs, now known as iSANs.
  • 2012 – Thirty-one-year-old Zac Vawter successfully uses a nervous system-controlled bionic leg to climb the Chicago Willis Tower.
  • 2018-The Joint Centre of Excellence by Imperial College and the UK National Physical Laboratory focuses on advancing industry collaboration to transform high-value manufacturing into high-value products. Noteworthy progress includes the adoption of SBOL by ACS Synthetic Biology in 2016 and ongoing efforts, such as engagement with the BioRoboost project, aiming for international standards with partners from the USA, China, Japan, and Singapore.[8]
  • 2019 – Scientists report, for the first time, the use of the CRISPR technology to edit human genes to treat cancer patients with whom standard treatments were not successful.[9][10]
  • The progression of commercial applications in synthetic biology is notably swift, propelled predominantly by investments directed towards start-up enterprises and small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) engaged in the dissemination of tools, services, and products to the market. This is exemplified by the informational resource titled 'Synthetic Biology UK — A Decade of Rapid Progress,' disseminated online in July 2019 , which furnishes a demonstrative compilation of instances rooted in the United Kingdom.[8]
  • 2019 – In a study researchers describe a new method of genetic engineering superior to previous methods like CRISPR they call "prime editing".[11][12][13]

2020[edit]

8 July: Researchers report that they succeeded in using a genetically altered variant of R. sulfidophilum to produce spidroins, the main proteins in spider silk.[70]
  • 18 September – Researchers report the development of two active guide RNA-only elements that, according to their study, may enable halting or deleting gene drives introduced into populations in the wild with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. The paper's senior author cautions that the two neutralizing systems they demonstrated in cage trials "should not be used with a false sense of security for field-implemented gene drives".[82][83]
10 November: Scientists show that microorganisms could be employed to mine useful elements from basalt rocks in space.[88]
25 November: The development of a biotechnology for microbial reactors capable of producing oxygen as well as hydrogen is reported.[92]
30 November: The 50-year problem of protein structure prediction is reported to be largely solved with an AI algorithm.[94]

2021[edit]

Researchers present a bioprinting method to produce steak-like cultured meat.
  • 0 Researchers present a bioprinting method to produce steak-like cultured meat, composed of three types of bovine cell fibers.[143][144]
  • Bioengineers report the development of a viable CRISPR-Cas gene-editing system, "CasMINI", that is about twice as compact as the commonly used Cas9 and Cas12a.[145][146]
  • Media outlets report that the world's first cultured coffee product has been created, still awaiting regulatory approval for near-term commercialization. It was also reported that another biotechnology company produced and sold "molecular coffee" without clear details of the molecular composition or similarity to cultured coffee except having compounds that are in green coffee and that a third company is working on the development of a similar product made from extracted molecules.[147][148][149] Such products, for which multiple companies' R&D have acquired substantial funding, may have equal or highly similar effects, composition and taste as natural products but use less water, generate less carbon emissions, require less and relocated labor[148] and cause no deforestation.[147]
The first CRISPR-edited food, tomatoes, goes on public sale.

2022[edit]

Researchers introduce and demonstrate the concept of necrobotics.
Remote controlled cyborg cockroaches.

Medical applications[edit]

Some of these items may also have potential nonmedical applications and vice versa.

A new CRISPR gene editing/repair tool alternative to fully active Cas9 is reported.
Wastewater surveillance is used to detect monkeypox[300]

2023[edit]

Safety-by-design ways like DNA screening for biosafety and biosecurity to prevent engineered pandemics
A bone-like biocomposite 3D printing ink, BactoInk
Scientists coin and outline a new field 'organoid intelligence' (OI)
Cell culture-based coffee[360]

Medical applications[edit]

See also[edit]

Medical[edit]

References[edit]

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